Introduction to Psychology by Douglas S. Krull
Vocabulary Terms required by Dr. Joseph Horton, Grove City College for PSYC 101
Terms : Hide Images
| 1928056282 | Self-concept | Our knowledge about ourself | 0 | |
| 1928056283 | Schemas | Cognitive structures that organize information | 1 | |
| 1929019409 | Self-reference effect | The tendency for us to have better memory for information that is related to our self | 2 | |
| 1931123744 | Interpersonal self | The aspects of our self that we present to others or that emerge as a result of interpersonal interaction | 3 | |
| 1931123745 | Executive self | Our consciousness or will; the part of our self that makes decisions and regulates our behavior | 4 | |
| 1931123746 | Looking-glass self | Suggests that our self-concept develops when we imagine how others see us | 5 | |
| 1931123747 | Social comparison theory | Suggests that people seek to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others | 6 | |
| 1931123748 | Self-perception theory | Suggests that we learn about ourselves by observing our own behavior | 7 | |
| 1931123749 | Individualist cultures | Cultures that emphasize the individual | 8 | |
| 1931123750 | Collectivist cultures | Cultures that emphasize the group | 9 | |
| 1931123751 | Twenty Statements Test (TST) | A self-concept measure that asks people to complete the statement I am ______ 20 times | 10 | |
| 1931123752 | Positive illusions | Unrealistically positive self-views and biases that seem to promote such views | 11 | |
| 1931123753 | Better-than-average effect (Lake Wobegon) | The tendency to think that one is better than average | 12 | |
| 1931123754 | Worse-than-average effect | The tendency to think that one is worse than average | 13 | |
| 1931123755 | Illusion of control | The tendency to think that we have more control than we actually do | 14 | |
| 1931123756 | Self-esteem | The value one places on oneself | 15 | |
| 1931123757 | Self-evaluation maintenance method model | Suggests that we desire to maintain or enhance our self-esteem and that we can do this through the comparison process, which takes precedence when self-relevance is high, or the reflection process, which takes precedence when self-relevance is low | 16 | |
| 1931123758 | Comparison process | Boosting or maintaining our self-esteem by comparing ourselves to others | 17 | |
| 1931123759 | Upward social comparison | Comparing ourselves to others who are more capable | 18 | |
| 1931123760 | Downward social comparison | Comparing ourselves to others who are less capable | 19 | |
| 1931123761 | Self-relevance | The degree to which a skill is important to one's self | 20 | |
| 1931123762 | Narcissism | A trait characterized by extremely high esteem and the view that one is deserving of admiration and preferential treatment | 21 | |
| 1931123763 | Self-regulation | Using self-control or willpower | 22 | |
| 1931123764 | Ego depletion | A state of reduced self-control that occurs after one has recently used self-control | 23 | |
| 1931123765 | Self-presentation | How we present ourselves to others | 24 | |
| 1931123766 | Self-handicapping | Placing obstacles in one's own path to provide an excuse in case of failure | 25 | |
| 1931123767 | Imposter phenomener | Thinking that one's success was not based on ability | 26 | |
| 1931123768 | Spotlight effect | The tendency to overestimate the attention that we receive from others | 27 | |
| 1931123769 | Self-monitering | A trait characterized by the degree to which people evaluate social situations and adjust their behavior to match | 28 | |
| 1931123770 | Attribution | The study of judgements drawn from behavior | 29 | |
| 1931123771 | Causal attributions | Explanations for behavior | 30 | |
| 1931123772 | Dispositional attribution | Deciding that personality is the cause of behavior | 31 | |
| 1931123773 | Situational attribution | Deciding that the circumstances are the cause of behavior | 32 | |
| 1931123774 | Consistency | Consistency of a behavior across time | 33 | |
| 1931123775 | Salient | Something that is noticeable, that captures our attention | 34 | |
| 1931123776 | Knowledge-based causal attribution | Suggests that we draw on our background knowledge and common sense when we explain behavior | 35 | |
| 1931123777 | Correspondent inference | An inference that a person's personality matches his/her behavior | 36 | |
| 1931123778 | Correspondent inference theory | Suggests that we should draw a correspondent inference only when the behavior is not expected in that situation and the inference is clear | 37 | |
| 1931123779 | Discounting principle | Suggests that behavior should be discounted as an indicator of someone's personality when the situation could also produce that behavior | 38 | |
| 1931123780 | Correspondence bias | The tendency to infer that personality corresponds to behavior even when the situation could produce to behavior | 39 | |
| 1931123781 | Lack awareness of the situation | An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that we discount insufficiently when we do not realize that a situation has influenced behavior | 40 | |
| 1931123782 | Unrealistic expectations | An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that we discount insufficiently when we do not realize the degree to which a situation has influenced behavior | 41 | |
| 1931123783 | Incomplete correction | An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that discounting is hindered when we are unmotivated or too busy | 42 | |
| 1931123784 | Inflated categorizations | An explanation for the correspondence bias that suggests that expectations can cause categorizations of behavior to be more extreme, which can cause trait inferences to also be more extreme | 43 | |
| 1931123785 | Beautiful-is-good stereotype | Suggests that physically attractive people have other positive traits | 44 | |
| 1931123786 | Matching hypothesis | Suggests that people tend to become matched with those who are similar in their level of attractiveness | 45 | |
| 1931123787 | Symmetry | The degree to which the right and left sides of one's face are the same | 46 | |
| 1931123788 | Averageness | The degree to which one has typical rather than atypical features | 47 | |
| 1931123789 | Mere exposure | The tendency to like things (or people) more as they become familiar | 48 | |
| 1931123790 | Proximity | Closeness, in terms of physical distance | 49 | |
| 1931123791 | Reciprocity | Behaving toward others as they have behaved toward us. In attraction, liking people who like us | 50 | |
| 1931123792 | Misattribution | Mistaking physiological arousal due to fear for attraction | 51 | |
| 1931123793 | Passionate love | Love characterized by passion, intense emotion, and physical attraction | 52 | |
| 1931123794 | Compationate love | Love characterized by affection, intimacy, and commitment | 53 | |
| 1931123795 | Sternberg's triangular theory of love | Suggests that love has three components: Passion, intimacy, and commitment, and that the type of love depends on the relative strength of these components | 54 | |
| 1931123796 | Consummate love | According to Sternberg's triangular theory, a complete love, consisting of passion, intimacy, and commitment | 55 | |
| 1931123797 | Storge | Friendship-based love | 56 | |
| 1931123798 | Agape | Selfless love | 57 | |
| 1931123799 | Mania | Dependent love | 58 | |
| 1931123800 | Pragma | Practical love | 59 | |
| 1931123801 | Ludus | Game-playing love | 60 | |
| 1931123802 | Eros | Passionate love | 61 | |
| 1931123803 | Rusbult's investment model | Suggests that commitment is produced by satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives | 62 | |
| 1931123804 | Negative affect reciprocity | Responding to negative emotion with negative emotion | 63 | |
| 1931123805 | Bystander effect | The tendency for the presence of others to hinder helping | 64 | |
| 1931123806 | Pluralistic ignorance | When we do not know how to behave we often look to others to determine what we should think or do, but they might not know either | 65 | |
| 1931123807 | Diffusion of responsibility | The reduction in responsibility that people feel when others are present | 66 | |
| 1931123808 | Audience inhibition | When people don't help because they think others might disapprove | 67 | |
| 1931123809 | Negative state relief model | Suggests that people help to alleviate a negative emotional state | 68 | |
| 1931123810 | Egoism | A selfish motive | 69 | |
| 1931123811 | Empathy-altruism hypothesis | Suggests that helping is egoistic when empathy is low, but altruistic when empathy is high | 70 | |
| 1931123812 | Altruism | An unselfish motive | 71 | |
| 1931123813 | Stereotype | A belief about the characteristics of a group | 72 | |
| 1931123814 | Prejudice | A belief or feeling, typically negative, about a group | 73 | |
| 1931123815 | Discrimination | Negative behavior, typically based on prejudice | 74 | |
| 1931123816 | Heuristics | Mental shortcuts used to save time and energy | 75 | |
| 1931123817 | Perceptual assimilations | Seeing what we expect to see | 76 | |
| 1931123818 | Self-fulfilling prophecy | Starting with an incorrect belief but behaving in a way to make it become true | 77 | |
| 1931123819 | Subtyping | Placing members of a stereotyped group who do not conform to the stereotype in a subcategory, leaving the overall stereotype intact | 78 | |
| 1931123820 | Colorism | Prejudice and discrimination based on skin color or Afrocentric features in general | 79 | |
| 1931123821 | Old-fashioned racism | Blatant racism | 80 | |
| 1931123822 | Aversive racism | A subtle form of prejudice and discrimination in which people regard themselves as unprejudiced but hold implicit negative thoughts or feelings about members of another racial group | 81 | |
| 1931123823 | Realistic group conflict theory | Suggests that prejudice is caused by the perception of conflict or competition between groups | 82 | |
| 1931123824 | Integrated threat theory | Suggests that the perception of several types of threat can contribute to prejudice | 83 | |
| 1931123825 | Minimal groups | Trivial, unimportant groups | 84 | |
| 1931123826 | Ingroup | A group of which one is a member | 85 | |
| 1931123827 | Outgroup | A group of which one is not a member | 86 | |
| 1931123828 | Ingroup favoritism | The tendency to favor one's own group over an outgroup | 87 | |
| 1931123829 | Social identity theory | Suggests that because part of our esteem derives from our group membership, we want to belong to good groups and we want to see our groups favorably | 88 | |
| 1931123830 | Contact hypothesis | Suggests that bringing groups into contact will reduce prejudice | 89 | |
| 1931123831 | Superordinate goals | Goals that multiple groups have in common | 90 | |
| 2020497605 | Common ingroup identity model | Suggests that aversive racism and ingroup favoratism can be reduced by emphasizing a common identity | 91 | |
| 2020497606 | Recategorization | A change from viewing people as "us" and "them" to categorizing both as a unified group | 92 | |
| 2020497607 | Self-regulation of prejudice model | Suggests that catching oneself being prejudiced elicits guilt and associations are formed about the event. When a similar situation occurs, the activation of these associations encourages unbiased responses. | 93 | |
| 2020497608 | Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior to match the behavior of others | 94 | |
| 2020497609 | Informational influence | A subset of conformity in which people conform because they think the group knows the answer | 95 | |
| 2020497610 | Normative influence | A subset of conformity in which people conform because they want to fit in and be liked | 96 | |
| 2020497611 | Compliance | Involves fulfilling a request from a peer | 97 | |
| 2020497612 | Reciprocity principle | Suggests that we tend to behave toward others as they have behaved toward us | 98 | |
| 2020497613 | Reciprocity concession | A category of compliance strategies that involves making a concession by retreating from an initial large request | 99 | |
| 2020497614 | Principle of social proof | Suggests that we are more likely to comply with requests if other people seem to have done so | 100 | |
| 2020497615 | Scarcity principle | Suggests that we tend to want things that are rare | 101 | |
| 2020497616 | Commitment and consistency principle | Suggests that we tend to comply with requests that are consistent with our previous actions | 102 | |
| 2020497617 | Foot-in-the-door technique | A compliance strategy that involves making a small request and then making a related larger request | 103 | |
| 2020497618 | Bait-and-switch technique | A compliance strategy that involves drawing people in with a desirable offer and then switching them to a related offer | 104 | |
| 2020497619 | Lowball strategy | A compliance strategy in which an agreement is made, but then hidden costs are revealed | 105 | |
| 2020497620 | Liking principle | Suggests that we tend to comply with the requests of people we like | 106 | |
| 2020497621 | Authority principle | Suggests that we tend to obey the instructions of authority figures | 107 | |
| 2020497622 | Obedience | Following the instruction of an authority figure | 108 | |
| 2020497623 | Attitude | An evaluation; a judgment on a scale from bad to good | 109 | |
| 2020497624 | Attitude-behavior consistency | The agreement between attitude and behavior | 110 | |
| 2020497625 | Theory of planned behavior | Suggests that behavior is determined by behavioral intentions, which are determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control | 111 | |
| 2020497626 | Attitude accessibility | The ease with which an attitude comes to mind | 112 | |
| 2020497627 | Yale approach | A model of attitude change that considers the source of the persuasive message, the message itself, and the audience | 113 | |
| 2020497628 | Fear appeals | Persuasive messages designed to induce fear | 114 | |
| 2020497629 | Reactance | The desire to reinstate one's freedom when one feels it is being limited | 115 | |
| 2020497630 | Boomerang effect | Attitude change in the opposite direction from the message | 116 | |
| 2020497631 | Need for cognition | A personality trait that involves the tendency to think | 117 | |
| 2020497632 | Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) | Suggests that there are two routes by which attitude change can occur, one that involves more thinking (the central route) and one that involves less thinking (the peripheral route) | 118 | |
| 2020497633 | Central route | A possible pathway for attitude change that involves thinking about the content of the message | 119 | |
| 2020497634 | Peripheral route | A possible pathway for attitude change that is less thoughtful and relies on factors that are unrelated to the quality of the message | 120 | |
| 2020497635 | Theory of cognitive dissonance | Suggests that we experience dissonance when we have inconsistent cognitions and one way of reducing dissonance is to change one or both of them, such as changing one's attitude to make it consistent with one's behavior | 121 | |
| 2020497636 | Induced compliance | A procedure in which participants are encouraged to do a behavior that is inconsistent with their attitudes, typically to determine if this causes attitudes to become more consistent with the behavior | 122 | |
| 2020497637 | Effort justification | People come to like things for which they work hard or suffer | 123 | |
| 2020497638 | Spreading of alternatives | Alternatives are seen as more different after we choose compared to before | 124 | |
| 2020497639 | Social facilitation/social inhibition | The study of performance when others are present. Performance might improve or decline | 125 | |
| 2020497640 | Drive theory of social facilitation | Suggests that the mere presence of others increases arousal and arousal increases the dominant response, causing people to do better on tasks they find easy and worse on tasks they find difficult | 126 | |
| 2020497641 | Dominant response | The most likely response | 127 | |
| 2020497642 | Evaluation apprehansion | Concern about one's performance being judged by others | 128 | |
| 2020497643 | Social loafing | The tendency for motivation to decline in groups | 129 | |
| 2020497644 | Groupthink | The tendency for groups with certain qualities to display dysfunctional symptoms, which lead to poor decisions | 130 | |
| 2020655888 | Social identity maintenance model of groupthink | Suggests that groupthink involves trying to maintain a positive group image | 131 |
