intrdoductio to psychology second test vocab
Terms : Hide Images
| 724188861 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur. | 0 | |
| 724188862 | Skinner Box | An experimental apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement and behavior. | 1 | |
| 724188863 | Operant conditioning | The process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated. | 2 | |
| 735126879 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience | 3 | |
| 735126880 | classical conditioning | The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response identical or similar to one another stimulus as the result of the pairing or association of the two stimuli. | 4 | |
| 735126881 | Unconditioned response (UR) | An unlearned response to a stimulus. | 5 | |
| 735126882 | Unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response | 6 | |
| 735126883 | neutral stimulus (NS) | a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response. | 7 | |
| 735126884 | Conditioned response (CR) | An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus. | 8 | |
| 735126885 | Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. | 9 | |
| 735126886 | extinction | The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response. | 10 | |
| 735126887 | Spontaneous recovery | The spontaneous return of a conditioned response followed extinction. | 11 | |
| 735126888 | Reconditioning | The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction. | 12 | |
| 735126889 | Stimulus generalization | The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. | 13 | |
| 735126890 | Stimulus discrimination | The tendency to differentiated among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it,fail to elicit a conditioned response. | 14 | |
| 735126891 | higher- order conditioning | The process by which a new stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its being paired with a conditioned stimulus that already elicits the conditioned response. | 15 | |
| 735126892 | conditioning emotional reaction (CER) | An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning. | 16 | |
| 735126893 | phobias | Excessive fears of particular objects or situations. | 17 | |
| 735126894 | behavior therapy | A form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning. | 18 | |
| 735126895 | Conditioned taste aversions | aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical conditioning. | 19 | |
| 735126896 | immune system | The body's system of defense against disease. | 20 | |
| 735126897 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur. | 21 | |
| 735126898 | Operant response | A response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences. | 22 | |
| 735126899 | reinforcer | A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated. | 23 | |
| 735126900 | superstitious behavior | in Skinner's view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement . | 24 | |
| 735126901 | positive reinforcement | The strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs. | 25 | |
| 735126902 | Primary reinforcers | reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives. | 26 | |
| 735126903 | secondary reinforcers | Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers. | 27 | |
| 735126904 | discriminative stimulus | A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response. | 28 | |
| 735126905 | Schedule of continuous reinforcement | A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced. | 29 | |
| 735126906 | Schedule of partial reinforcement | A system of reinforcement in which only a portion of the responses is reinforced. | 30 | |
| 735126907 | escaping learning | The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus. | 31 | |
| 735126908 | schedules of reinforcement | Predetermined plans for timing the delivery if reinforcement. | 32 | |
| 735126909 | avoidance learning | The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus. | 33 | |
| 735126910 | punishment | The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response. | 34 | |
| 735126911 | behavior modification (b-mod) | The systematic application of learning principles strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior. | 35 | |
| 735126912 | token economy program | A form of behavior modification in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers. | 36 | |
| 735126913 | Programmed instruction | A learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace. | 37 | |
| 735126914 | Computer-assisted instruction | A form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly difficult questions. | 38 | |
| 735126915 | cognitive learning | Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it. | 39 | |
| 735126916 | insight learning | The process of mentally working though a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs. | 40 | |
| 735126917 | latent learning | Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided. | 41 | |
| 735126918 | cognitive map | A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another. | 42 | |
| 735126919 | observational learning | Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others | 43 | |
| 735126920 | memory | The system that allows us to retain information and bring its to mind. | 44 | |
| 735126921 | memory encoding | The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. | 45 | |
| 735126922 | memory storage | The process of retaining information in memory. | 46 | |
| 735126923 | memory retrieval | cues associated with the original learning that facilitate the retrieval of memories. | 47 | |
| 735126924 | context-dependent memory effect | The tendency for information to be recalled better in the same context in which it was originally learned. | 48 | |
| 735126925 | encoding specificity principle | The belief that retrieval is more successful when cues available during recall are similar to those that were present when the information was brought into memory . | 49 | |
| 735126926 | State-dependent memory effect | The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same psychological or physiological state as when the information was first learned. | 50 | |
| 735126927 | three-stage model | A model of memory that posits three distinct stages of memory; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. | 51 | |
| 735126928 | sensory register | A temporary storage device for holding sensory memories. | 52 | |
| 735126929 | ionic memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second. | 53 | |
| 735126930 | eldetic imagery | A lingering mental representation of a visual image | 54 | |
| 735126931 | echic memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears. | 55 | |
| 735126932 | short- term memory (STEM) | The memory subsystem that allows for retention and processing of newly acquired information for a maximum of about 30 seconds. | 56 | |
| 735126933 | chunking | The process of enhancing retention of a large amount of information by breaking it down into smaller, more easily recalled chunks. | 57 | |
| 735126934 | maintenance rehearsal | The process of extending retention of information held in short-term memory by consciously repeating the information. | 58 | |
| 735126935 | phonological loop | The speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words. | 59 | |
| 735126936 | visuospatial sketchpad | The storage buffer for visual-spatial material held in short-term memory. | 60 | |
| 735126937 | episodic buffer | The workspace of working memory where information from visual, auditory, and other modalities are brought together. | 61 | |
| 735126938 | Central executive | The component of working memory responsible for coordinating the other subsystems, receiving and processing stored information, and filtering out distracting thought. | 62 | |
| 735126939 | long-term memory (LTM) | The memory subsystem responsible for long-term storage of information. | 63 | |
| 735126940 | consolidation | The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories. | 64 | |
| 735126941 | elaborative rehearsal | The process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by consciously focusing on the meaning of the information. | 65 | |
| 735126942 | semantic network model | A representative of the organizational structure of long-term memory in terms of a network of associated concepts. | 66 | |
| 735126943 | levels- of processing theory | The belief that how well or how long information is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing | 67 | |
| 735126944 | declarative memory | Memory of facts and personal information that acquires conscious effort to bring to mind. | 68 | |
| 735126945 | semantic memory | Memory of facts and general information about the world. | 69 | |
| 735126946 | episodic memory | Memory of personal experiences. | 70 | |
| 735126947 | retrospective memory | memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information. | 71 | |
| 735126948 | prospective memory | Memory of things one plans to do in the future. | 72 | |
| 735126949 | procedural memory | Memory of how to do things that require motor or performance skills. | 73 | |
| 735126950 | implicit memory | Memory accessed without conscious effort. | 74 | |
| 735126951 | explicit memory | memory accessed through conscious effort. | 75 | |
| 735126952 | constructionist theory | A theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a representation, or reconstruction of the past. | 76 | |
| 735126953 | flashbulb memories | Enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared into the brain. | 77 | |
| 735126954 | misinformation effect | A form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and that is caused by misinformation provided during the retention interval. | 78 | |
| 735126955 | decay theory | A theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid own in the brain that gradually deteriorate and faded away over time. | 79 | |
| 735126956 | saving method | A method of testing memory retention by comparing the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn the material at a later time. | 80 | |
| 735126957 | masses versus spaced practice effect | The tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practices than with massed practice. | 81 | |
| 736531982 | interference theory | The belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with other | 82 | |
| 736531983 | retroactive interference | A form of interference in which newly acquired information interferes with retention of material learned earlier. | 83 | |
| 736531984 | proactive interference | A form of interference in which material learned earlier interferes with retention of newly acquired information. | 84 | |
| 736531985 | overlapping | Practice repeated beyond the point necessary to reproduce material without error. | 85 | |
| 736531986 | Serial position effect | The tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of a list. | 86 | |
| 736531987 | pritmacy effect | The tendency to recall items better when they are learned last. | 87 | |
| 736531988 | retrieval theory | The belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories. | 88 | |
| 736531989 | tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | An experience in which people are sure they know something but can't seem to bring it to mind. | 89 | |
| 736531990 | repression | in Freudian theory , a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material. | 90 | |
| 736531991 | free recall | A type of recall task in which individuals are asked to recall as many stored items as possible in any order. | 91 | |
| 736531992 | recognition | A method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from among a range of alternative answers. | 92 | |
| 736531993 | amnesia | loss of memory | 93 | |
| 736531994 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory from the past events. | 94 | |
| 736531995 | Anterograde amnesia | Loss or impairment of the ability to form or store new memories. | 95 | |
| 736531996 | childhood amnesia | The normal occurrence of amnesia for events occurring during infancy and early childhood. | 96 | |
| 736531997 | dissociation amnesia | A psychologically based form of amnesia involving the "splitting off" form memory of traumatic or troubling experiences. | 97 | |
| 736531998 | engram | Lashley's term for the physical trace or etching of a memory in the brain. | 98 | |
| 736531999 | neuronal networks | Memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells. | 99 | |
| 736532000 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | The long-term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation. | 100 | |
| 736532001 | mnemonic | A device for improving memory | 101 | |
| 736532002 | acronym | A word composed of the first letters of a series of words. | 102 | |
| 736532003 | acrostic | A verse or saying in which the letter of each word stands for something else. | 103 | |
| 736532004 | cognitive psychology | The branch of psychology that focuses on such mental process as thinking, problem solving, decision making, and use if language. | 104 | |
| 736532005 | thinking | The process of mentally representing and manipulating information | 105 | |
| 736532006 | mental image | A mental picture or representation of an object | 106 | |
| 736532007 | concepts | Mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of their common features or properties. | 107 | |
| 736532008 | logical concepts | Concepts with clearly defined rules for membership | 108 | |
| 736532009 | natural concepts | concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership. | 109 | |
| 736532010 | superordinate concepts | The broadest concepts in a three-level hierarchy of concepts, corresponding to the categories we most often use in grouping objects and events. | 110 | |
| 736532011 | subordinate concepts | The narrowest level of concepts in a three-level hierarchy of concepts. | 111 | |
| 736532012 | positive instance | An object that fits a particular concepts (e.g., a terrier is a positive instance of dogs). | 112 | |
| 736532013 | negative instance | An object that does n fit a particular concept (e.g., a calico kitten is a negative instance of dog but a positive instance of cat. | 113 | |
| 736532014 | problem solving | A form of thinking focused on finding a solution to a particular problem. | 114 | |
| 736532015 | algorithm | A step-by steps set of rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem. | 115 | |
| 736532016 | heuristic | A rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgments or decisions. | 116 | |
| 736532017 | analogy | In problem-solving, a strategy based on using similarities between the properties of two things or applying solutions to past problem to the problem at hand. | 117 | |
| 736532018 | incubation period | A respite from active problem-solving efforts, which may facilitate finding a solution. | 118 | |
| 736532019 | mental set | The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation. | 119 | |
| 736532020 | functional fixedness | The tendency to perceive objects as limited to the customary functions they serve | 120 | |
| 736532021 | decision making | A form of problem solving in which we must select a course of action from among the available alternatives. | 121 | |
| 736532022 | confirmation bias | The tendency to maintain allegiance to an initial hypothesis despite strong evidence to the contrary. | 122 | |
| 736532023 | availability heuristic | The tendency to judge events as more likely to occur when information pertaining to them comes readily to mind. | 123 | |
| 736532024 | framing | The tendency for decisions to be influenced by how potential outcomes are phrased. | 124 | |
| 736532025 | Creativity | Originality of though associated with the development of new, workable products or solutions to problems. | 125 | |
| 736532026 | convergent thinking | The attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the correct answer to a problem. | 126 | |
| 736532027 | conceptual combinations | Combinations of two or more concepts into one concept, resulting in the creation of a novel idea or application. | 127 | |
| 736532028 | Conceptual expansion | Expanding familiar concepts by applying them to new uses. | 128 | |
| 736532029 | Brainstorming | A method of promoting divergent thinking by encouraging people to propose as many solutions to a problem as possible without fear of being judge negatively by others, no matter how far- fetched their proposals may be. | 129 |
