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| 5871679370 | Chemical name of vitamin B12 | Cobalamin | 0 | |
| 5871679371 | What protein helps B12 get absorbed in the ileum? | Intrinsic factor | 1 | |
| 5871679372 | Where is IF secreted from? | Gastric parietal cells | 2 | |
| 5871679373 | Which protein protects B12 from degradation in stomach? | Haptocorrin | 3 | |
| 5871679374 | Where is Haptocorrin secreted from? | Exocrine glands | 4 | |
| 5871679375 | Transporter of B12 into cells | Transcobalamin II | 5 | |
| 5871679376 | Transporter of B12 into circulation | LRP-2 | 6 | |
| 5871679377 | In what foods is folate found? | Oranges, beans, legumes, fortified in wheat flour, collard greens, asparagus | 7 | |
| 5871679378 | Where is Folate absorbed? | Jejunum | 8 | |
| 5871679379 | Where is iron absorbed? | Duodenum | 9 | |
| 5871679380 | In what foods is B12 found? | Red meat, poultry, milk, eggs, fish | 10 | |
| 5871679381 | What aspect of metabolism is folate used for? | Transfer of 1-carbon units This is part of Nucleic acid synthesis and Cysteine, methionine, serine, glycine, histidine synthesis | 11 | |
| 5871679382 | How much B12 does the body store and where? | 5-10 years in the liver. So not commonly from diet, although strict vegans can be | 12 | |
| 5871679383 | Pernicious anemia | Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells | 13 | |
| 5871679384 | What types of antibodies are associated with pernicious anemia? | Anti-IF and Anti-parietal cell | 14 | |
| 5871679385 | Major causes of folate deficiency | Pregnancy, alcoholism Body doesn't store nearly as much as B12, so poor diet can get you. Not common in US though because of bread fortification | 15 | |
| 5871679386 | In what group is B12 deficiency most prevalent? | Malnourished elderly | 16 | |
| 5871679387 | Levels of which two other chemicals can indicate B12 deficiency? | High homocysteine High methylmalonic acid (These are intermediates upstream of B12 cofactor enzymes) | 17 | |
| 5871679388 | B12 deficiency effect on blood cells (hematologic manifestations) | Macrocytosis of RBC's Hypersegmented neutrophils Megaloblastic anemia | 18 | |
| 5871679389 | Megaloblastic anemia | Abnormal red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow - a symptom of B12 deficiency | 19 | |
| 5871679390 | Other symptoms of B12 deficiency | Neuropsyhiatric symptoms *Combined sclerosis of spinal cord Fatigue Glossitis Cheilitis | 20 | |
| 5871679391 | Glossitis | Beefy red tongue | 21 | |
| 5871679392 | Cheilitis | Sore at corner of mouth | 22 | |
| 5871679393 | Neuropsychiatric manifestations related to B12 deficiency | May be subtle, and can develop in isolation Gradual onset, progressive If left untreated, these are often NOT reversible | 23 | |
| 5871679394 | Manifestation of of B12 deficiency in CNS | Loss of myelin in spinal cord | 24 | |
| 5871679395 | Folate Deficiency | Neural Tube Defects Fatigue Macrocytosis Hypersegmented neutrophils Megaloblastic anemia | 25 | |
| 5871679396 | Serum tests for B12 and folate | Less reliable for B12 deficiency | 26 | |
| 5871679397 | Problem with folate serum test | One good hospital meal can normalize a patient's folate levels | 27 | |
| 5871679398 | Laboratory diagnosis for B12 deficiency | Decreased B12 (not super reliable) Increased methylmalonic acid, homocysteine | 28 | |
| 5871679399 | Laboratory diagnosis for folate deficiency | Decreased serum folate Increased homocysteine | 29 | |
| 5871679400 | Which intermediate is higher in both B12 and folate deficiency | Homocysteine | 30 | |
| 5871679401 | Potential pitfalls in diagnosing B12 deficiency | Functional B12 deficiency can occur at "normal" serum levels (Hcy and MMA still increased) Delayed diagnosis is common and can be dangerous (neuropsychiatric issues) | 31 | |
| 5871679402 | Which compound is the Schilling test for? | B12 | 32 | |
| 5871679403 | How does the Schilling test work | 33 | ||
| 5871679404 | Patient management of B12 and folate deficiency: clinical pearls | If you suspect B12 or folate deficiency, check both Once the diagnosis of a deficiency is established, determine the cause | 34 | |
| 5871679405 | B12 treatment | Parenteral B12 - intense loading followed by maintenance Oral B12 | 35 | |
| 5871679406 | Folate treatment | Oral folate daily | 36 | |
| 5871679407 | Main takeaways regarding B12 and folate deficiency | Clinical and hematologic manifestations are diverse and may be subtle; anemia or macrocytosis may even be absent Neuropsychiatric perturbations may be IRREVERSIBLE if diagnosis/treatment is delayed Treatment is easy and inexpensive | 37 |
