pragmatic character of pre-Islamic Arabian worship meant that gods were not an object of unwavering commitment; pre-Islamic Arabia is very much in interaction with the Roman empire; Islamic conquests start after prophet's death; southeastern frontier exposed to Arab tribes, forts for Romans do not fortify against raids out of the desert in Arabia; slow emergence of an Islamic society; decreasing barriers, blending together territories that had been the Roman empire and the Persian empire
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| 2087325456 | Heraclius (610-641) | Roman emperor; new phase to the war where the Persians are successful, taking Damascus, Jerusalem, Egypt | 0 | |
| 2087325457 | Zoroastrianism | dominant religion of the Persian empire; dualist struggle - Ahura Mazda | 1 | |
| 2087325458 | Nestorius | had his version of Christianity declared heretical; Nisibis is the center of Nestorian Christinianity | 2 | |
| 2087325459 | Babylon | intellectual center of the Jewish world | 3 | |
| 2087325460 | Yemen | highly developed terrace agricultural economy | 4 | |
| 2087325461 | Lakhmids | nomadic tribes allied with Persia | 5 | |
| 2087325462 | Ghassanids | nomadic tribes allied with the Romans | 6 | |
| 2087325463 | Bostra and Gaza | economic contacts between the Hijaz and the Roman world focus between these two cities | 7 | |
| 2087325464 | Allah | high god; polytheism in pre-Islamic Arabia | 8 | |
| 2087325465 | haram | sacred territory in which violence of any sort including hunting was forbidden | 9 | |
| 2087325466 | Aksum | king of Ethiopia; converted to Christianity by missionaries | 10 | |
| 2087325467 | Hanifiya | indigenous Arabian monotheism; thought to be the religion of Abraham; submissive devotion to God for god's own sake | 11 | |
| 2087325468 | Muhammed | born into the tribe of Quraysh; settling around shrine center of Mecca; Khadija and Abu Talib are his protectors; leaves Mecca - exodus known as Hijra; moves to Yathrib and renames it Medina | 12 | |
| 2087325469 | Muslims | those who have submitted; absolute monotheism and repentance and reform | 13 | |
| 2087325470 | Palestine and Syria | first targets of Islamic raids; Antioch and Aleppo then fall; battle Qadisiyya and Nahavand | 14 | |
| 2087325471 | caliph | successor to the prophet | 15 | |
| 2087325472 | Dome of the Rock | mosque building modeled on local Christian churches | 16 | |
| 2087325473 | coinage | takes a long time to develop in ways that are distinctively Islam; compare Roman solidus and Islamic dinar | 17 | |
| 2087325474 | Arabic | only replaces Greek as the language of administration 100 years after the time Persians are in control | 18 | |
| 2087325475 | Hajj | pilgrimage that all Muslims make to Mecca | 19 |
