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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | ||
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions - rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions | ||
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations | ||
| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | ||
| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables | ||
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | ||
| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | ||
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | ||
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | ||
| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study | ||
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | ||
| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | ||
| a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | ||
| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | ||
| the perception of a relationship where none exists | ||
| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | ||
| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo | ||
| experimental results caused by expectations alone | ||
| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | ||
| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | ||
| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups | ||
| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | ||
| the experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | ||
| the most frequently occurring score in a distribution | ||
| the arithmetic average of a distribution | ||
| the middle score in a distribution | ||
| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | ||
| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | ||
| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | ||
| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
