Terms : Hide Images
| 685866386 | Election of 1824 | No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Adams was elected president and chose Clay as his secretary of state. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." | 1 | |
| 685866387 | "Corrupt Bargain" | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | 2 | |
| 685866388 | Tariff of Abominations | The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings. | 3 | |
| 685866389 | Vice-President Calhoun | South Carolina Exposition and Protest, nullification: He anonymously wrote the widely read South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he made his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional. Adversely affected states had the right to nullify, or override, the law, within their borders. He acknowledged that he wrote the SC Exposition and Protest in 1831. In 1832, he convinced the South Carolina legislature to nullify the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832. | 4 | |
| 685866390 | South Carolina Exposition | A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War. | 5 | |
| 685866391 | Jacksonian Revolution of 1828 | When Andrew Jackson was elected president from humble beginnings, people thought he could make the American Dream come true. Jackson appointed common people to government positions. Jefferson's emphasis on farmers' welfare gave way to Jackson's appeal to city workers, small businessmen, and farmers. Jackson was the first non-aristocrat to be elected president. Jackson's election was the revolution of the "Common Man". | 6 | |
| 685866392 | Age of the Common Man | Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected. | 7 | |
| 685866393 | Jacksonian Deomocracy | A movement for more democracy in American government in the 1830s. Led by President Andrew Jackson, this movement championed greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation. | 8 | |
| 685866394 | Spoils System | The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale. | 9 | |
| 685866395 | National Republicans | After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. | 10 | |
| 685866396 | Caucus System | A system in which members of a political party meet to choose their party's candidate for president or decide policy | 11 | |
| 685866397 | Nominating Convention | An official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office | 12 | |
| 685866398 | Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet. | 13 | |
| 685866399 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | 14 | |
| 685866400 | Worchester v. Georgia | Worchester v. Georgia: 1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court. | 15 | |
| 685866401 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government. | 16 | |
| 685866402 | Whigs | Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster | 17 | |
| 685866403 | Maysville Road veto | 1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. | 18 | |
| 685866404 | Election of 1832 | Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party. | 19 | |
| 685866405 | Bank Recharter Bill | bill introduced by Webster and Clay to renew US Bank charter, veto would anger NE/passage would anger West, killed with a veto by Jackson, declared that bank was unconstitutional (even though it wasn't), made presidency very large | 20 | |
| 685866406 | Nicholas Biddle | Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. ,He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank. | 21 | |
| 685866407 | Veto message | 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners. | 22 | |
| 685866408 | Roger B. Taney | The fifth Chief Justice. him... and other justices appointed by Jackson favored the power of the states . In the Dred Scott decision (1857) he ruled that slaves and their descendants had no rights as citizens. | 23 | |
| 685866409 | Pet Bank | Nickname given to Jackson's state run banks. He deposited all federal funds in these "pet banks" in his attempt to kill the bank of the United States. | 24 | |
| 685866410 | Webster-Hayne Debate | Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable" | 25 | |
| 685866411 | Peggy Eaton Affair | Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson. | 26 | |
| 685866412 | Nullification Crisis | South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff | 27 | |
| 685866413 | South Carolina Exposition and Protest | In 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders. | 28 | |
| 685866414 | Jefferson Day Dinner | The dinner where Jackson announced by his toast that he believed that the federal government should have more power than the states. Further increased the hatred between Calhoun and Jackson. After this event, Calhoun ran for the Senate from South Carolina (and was elected) and resigned from the vice-presidency. | 29 | |
| 685866415 | Compromise tariff of 1833 | It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years. | 30 | |
| 685866416 | Force Bill | Part of the Compromise of 1833 the bill authorized President Andrew Jackson to use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina, The bill authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws, e.g. collect taxes from states who didn't want to pay them; The bill was furthered the power of the presidency. | 31 | |
| 685866417 | Election of 1836 | The Whigs tried to eat the Democrats' national organization with an array of sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined. | 32 | |
| 685866418 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System. Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | 33 | |
| 685866419 | Martin Van Buren | Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 | 34 | |
| 685866420 | Specie Circular | Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. | 35 | |
| 685866421 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | 36 | |
| 685866422 | Independent Treasury Plan | Instead of depositing its revenue in state banks, Van Buren persuaded Congress to establish an Independent Treasury in which the federal government would keep the revenue itself and thereby withhold public money from the grasp of business cooperation. | 37 | |
| 685866423 | Election of 1840 | Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system. | 38 | |
| 685866424 | Old Tippecanoe | William Henry Harrison's nickname which comes from the famous battle he fought with Tecumseh and the Prophet. | 39 | |
| 685866425 | Transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | 40 | |
| 685866426 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance", which was very popular. | 41 | |
| 685866427 | Henry David Thoureau | That government is best which governs least. He also led the Transcendentalist. Also he was an American author, poet, philosopher and, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister and, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. | 42 | |
| 685866428 | James Fenimore Cooper | one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. | 43 | |
| 685866429 | Herman Melville | An American writer in the 1800s who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and also wrote "Moby Dick". In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. | 44 | |
| 685866430 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". Wrote The Scarlet Letter. | 45 | |
| 685866431 | Edgar Allen Poe | -Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. A gifted lyric poet, short story writer, who was fascinated by the ghastly and ghostly themes in his poems, he is most famous for "The Raven" | 46 | |
| 685866432 | Washington Irving | Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer. Wrote The Devil and Tom Walker as well. | 47 | |
| 685866433 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Wrote Paul Revere's Ride. He was born in a time when people were very patriotic, we wrote in rhyme. American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature. | 48 | |
| 685866434 | Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. Celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy | 49 | |
| 685866435 | Hudson River School of Art | In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones. | 50 | |
| 685866436 | Alexis de Tocqueville | Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. | 51 | |
| 685866437 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. | 52 | |
| 685866438 | Adventism | Believed that the second coming would occur soon between march 21 of 1843-44; religious observance of Saturday rather then Sunday will expedite the second coming. Any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent. | 53 | |
| 685866439 | The Burned-Over District | It referred to upstate New York during the Second Great Awakening. This area was the center of religious revivalism and received many traveling evangelists. | 54 | |
| 685866440 | Charles G. Finney | This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside. | 55 | |
| 685866441 | Lyman Beecher | Reverend, NY, 13 kids, thought alcohol biggest threat to society (males, women, clergy, kids), lectures in Congregation, early temperance group Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals 1825, "six sermons", wanted total abstinence, against wine too, inspired temperance movement not just against drunkenness | 56 | |
| 685866442 | Joseph Smith | Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. | 57 | |
| 685866443 | Brigham Young | The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state. | 58 | |
| 685866444 | Great Salt Lake, Utah | Where the Mormons and Brigham young eventually settled | 59 | |
| 685866445 | Brook Farm | Utopian society established by transcendentalist George Ripley near Boston in 1841; members shared equally in farm work and leisure discussions of literature and art. Author Nathaniel Hawthorne and others become disenchanted with the experiment. Two hundred acre community in Massachusetts founded in 1841 by a group of twenty transcendentalists, who prospered until the community collapsed in debt after a large building went down in a fire. | 60 | |
| 685866446 | Oneida Community | It was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. It was a group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. They practiced polygamy, communal property and communal raising of children. (Utopian society). | 61 | |
| 685866447 | Shakers | 1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy | 62 | |
| 685866448 | Dorthea Dix | A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual. | 63 | |
| 685866449 | National Trade Union | Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen. Organized in 1834, this association was created after the New York Trades Union called a convention of delegates from numerous city centrals. Headed by Ely Moore, who was elected to Congress on the Tammany ticket, this union disintegrated along with a number of other national conventions with the Panic of 1837. | 64 | |
| 685866450 | Common wealth v. Hunt | it was a trial that decided that labor unions weren't illegal conspiracies, and the methods are honorable and peaceful. It was considered a victory because it was a first step to more even terms. | 65 | |
| 685866451 | Oberlin 1833 | This university in Ohio was the first school to have coed classes and intedgrated class. It soon became a breeding ground for abolitionists. , First college in the U.S. to admit women. Co-educational and interracial; first college to teach women and African Americans believed women could be whatever they want not just mothers/wifes. | 66 | |
| 685866452 | Mt. Holyoke 1836 | This university was founded by Mary Lyons. It was the first university for women only. | 67 | |
| 685866453 | Hoarce Mann | In 1837 Massachusetts set up the first state board of education in the united states he was the head of this. Campaigned for more and better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and expanded the curriculum. | 68 | |
| 685866454 | American Temperance Union | The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. | 69 | |
| 685866455 | Irish, German immigration | Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, German immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era. Irish also came due to potato famine. | 70 | |
| 685866456 | Nativism | An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. | 71 | |
| 685866457 | Samuel F.B. Morse | Invented the telegraph which allowed faster communication over longer distances. He also developed Morse code | 72 | |
| 685866458 | Lucretia Mott | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848. Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. | 73 | |
| 685866459 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | 74 | |
| 685866460 | Seneca Falls | July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. | 75 | |
| 685866461 | Emma Willard | Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. | 76 | |
| 685866462 | Scientific | Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization | 77 |
