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| 123907685 | Desiderius Eurasmus | This influential humanist from northern Europe wrote a new edition of the New Testament in Greek as well as other influential works | 0 | |
| 123907686 | Leonardo da Vinci | Painter of The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa he is the most famous man of the Renaissance | 1 | |
| 123907687 | Cosimo de Medici | This Florentine banker, nicknamed "the Magnificent" spent immense sums on paintings, sculpture, and public buildings | 2 | |
| 123907688 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later | 3 | |
| 123907689 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century | 4 | |
| 123907690 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas | 5 | |
| 123907691 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route | 6 | |
| 123907692 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century | 7 | |
| 123907693 | Medici family | This Florentine family operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and London, and controlled the government of Florence | 8 | |
| 123907694 | joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors | 9 | |
| 123907695 | Martin Luther | Famous theologian who wrote the 95 theses objecting to the sale of indulgences by the church | 10 | |
| 123907696 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor at the time of the Reformation, he was involved in allowing Luther to live as well as granting Protestant princes the right to choose the religion of their lands. He retired to a monastery | 11 | |
| 123907697 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline | 12 | |
| 123907698 | John Calvin | Swiss reformer who believed in the doctrine of predestination | 13 | |
| 123907699 | Ignatius Loyola | Founder of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, he was a former mercenary who became a priest and 'fought' for the church in the Catholic Reformation | 14 | |
| 123907700 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, establishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization | 15 | |
| 123907701 | Zheng He | This Chinese Muslim spent 30 years exploring with giant junks and thousands of men | 16 | |
| 123907702 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world | 17 | |
| 123907703 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa | 18 | |
| 123907704 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic | 19 | |
| 123907705 | Hernán Cortés | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain | 20 | |
| 123907706 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish | 21 | |
| 123907707 | Moctezuma II | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés | 22 | |
| 123907708 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533 | 23 | |
| 123907709 | Reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims in Spain. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms | 24 | |
| 123907710 | Black Death | An outbreak of disease that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing approximately 1/3 of the population in Europe | 25 | |
| 123907711 | Flying buttresses | These were a hallmark of the Gothic design and stabilized high, thin, stone columns allowing large windows and high ceilings | 26 | |
| 123907712 | Fugger family | This Augsburg family had ten times the lending capital of their nearest rivals and were at the top of Europe's banking system by 1500 | 27 | |
| 123907713 | Avignon Papacy | After Philip 'the fair' of France arrested the pope, he engineered the election of a French pope and moved the papal residence here | 28 | |
| 123907714 | Versailles | Built by Louis XIV, this large sprawling palace was designed to keep the French nobility busy and allowed Louis an even greater amount of absolute authority | 29 |
