This set of flashcards contains terms from chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16
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| 255943955 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. (p. 325) | 0 | |
| 255943956 | Genghis Khan | Mongolian Emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227) His name literaly means "universal" leader. | 1 | |
| 255943957 | nomadism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326) | 2 | |
| 255943958 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349) (1271-1368) | 3 | |
| 255943959 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280) | 4 | |
| 255943960 | Il-Khan | A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. Founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333) | 5 | |
| 255943961 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333) | 6 | |
| 255943962 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, he, through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants maintained his empire. (336) | 7 | |
| 255943963 | Rashid al-din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice. (d. 1318) | 8 | |
| 255943964 | Alexander Nevskii | (1220-1263) Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 9 | |
| 255943965 | tsar | From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551) | 10 | |
| 255943966 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 11 | |
| 255943967 | Khubilai Khan | (1215-1294) Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) | 12 | |
| 255943968 | Lama | In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351) | 13 | |
| 255943969 | Beijing | China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351) | 14 | |
| 255943970 | Ming Empire | (1368-1644) Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Its emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355) | 15 | |
| 255943971 | Yongle | Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355) | 16 | |
| 255943972 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422) | 17 | |
| 255943973 | Yi | Korean dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 18 | |
| 255943974 | kamikaze | The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365) | 19 | |
| 255943975 | Ashikaga Shogunate | The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365) | 20 | |
| 255943976 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373) | 21 | |
| 255943977 | tropics | Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370) | 22 | |
| 255943978 | monsoons | these are seasonal winds that come at two different seasons. in the fall they blow from the northeast and dry the land. In late may and early june, they blow from the southwest and bring needed rain to water new crops | 23 | |
| 255943979 | Delhi Sultanate | (1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent created by Muslim invaders | 24 | |
| 255943980 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 25 | |
| 255943981 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376) | 26 | |
| 255943982 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380) | 27 | |
| 255943983 | dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382) | 28 | |
| 255943984 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic word meaning 'shores.' (p. 383) | 29 | |
| 255943985 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385) | 30 | |
| 255943986 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385) | 31 | |
| 255943987 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on a strait. | 32 | |
| 255943988 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388) | 33 | |
| 255943989 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (p. 388) | 34 | |
| 255943990 | Latin West | Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394) | 35 | |
| 255943991 | Three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. | 36 | |
| 255943992 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397) | 37 | |
| 255943993 | Water Wheel | A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398) | 38 | |
| 255943994 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401) | 39 | |
| 255943995 | guilds | in the middle ages, a group of merchants or artisans in one trade or craft, organized to maintain standards of work and to protect the interests of members | 40 | |
| 255943996 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405) | 41 | |
| 255943997 | Renaissance (European) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445) | 42 | |
| 255943998 | universities | Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407) | 43 | |
| 255943999 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 44 | |
| 255944000 | Humanists (Renaissance) | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later | 45 | |
| 255944001 | Printing Press | A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409) | 46 | |
| 255944002 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411) | 47 | |
| 255944003 | Hundred Years War | (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) | 48 | |
| 255944004 | New monarchies | Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414) | 49 | |
| 255944005 | Reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414) | 50 |
