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| 213043859 | Cyrus | Founder of Achaemenid Persian Empire between 550 and 530 b.c.e he conquered Media, Lydia and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians adn Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. | 0 | |
| 213043860 | Darius | Third ruler of the Persiatn Empire. He crushed the widespread initial resitence to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians instead of Medes. he established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of perepolis adn expanded Persian control in the east Pakistan and the west Greece. | 1 | |
| 213043861 | satrap | the governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of teh province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy | 2 | |
| 213043862 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Yeasr festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings who were buried in cliff-tombs. | 3 | |
| 213043863 | Zoroastrianism | A religion origination in anciant iran with the Prophet Zoroaster. it centerd on a single benevolent deity Ahuramazda | 4 | |
| 213043864 | polis | The Greek city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control. It was the characteristic form of political organization in southern and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods | 5 | |
| 213043865 | hoplite | A heavily armoured Greek infantryman of the Archaic adn Classical periods who fought in the close packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies -militias composed of middle and upper calss citizens supplying their own equipment were for centuries superior to all other military forces. | 6 | |
| 213043866 | tyrant | The terms the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. tyrants took advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class and by weakening the old elite unwittingly contributing to the evolution of democracy. | 7 | |
| 213043867 | democracy | A system of government in which all " citizens" have equal political and legal rights, privileges and protections, as in the Greek city-states of Athens in the 5th and 4th century b.c.e | 8 | |
| 213043868 | sacrafice | A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gainig favor, and obligating the good to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and therby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world. The object devoted to the deity could be as simple as a cup of wine poured on the ground, a live animal slain on the alter or a ritual killing of a human being. | 9 | |
| 213043869 | Herodotus | heir to the technique of historia "investigation" developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He cam from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveld extensively, collecting information in Western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents of and chronicled the Persian wars between the Greek city states and the Persian empire, thus originating the western tradition of historical writing. | 10 | |
| 213043870 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised consrtuction on the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War he formulated a strategy for attraction but died from the plague early in the war. | 11 | |
| 213043871 | Persian War | conflicts between Greek city states and the Persian Empire ranging from the Ionian Revolt through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon and the defeat of Xerxes massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-led Hellenic League. The first major Greek set back for Persian arms launched the Greeks into the period of greatest cultural productivity | 12 | |
| 213043872 | triereme | Greek and Phoenician war ship of the fifth and fourth centuries b.c.e.it was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranges in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers | 13 | |
| 213043873 | Socrates | Athenian philospher who shifted the empahsis of philisophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, cumilating in his trial and execution by the Athenianstate. | 14 | |
| 213043874 | Peleoponnesian War | A protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance system that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possesion of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Sparta prevailed becasue of Athenian errors and Persian financial support. | 15 | |
| 213043875 | Alexander | King of macedonia in northern Greece he conquerd the Persian empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek style cities and spread Greek cultures across the middle east Later known as Alexander the Great. | 16 | |
| 213043876 | Hellenistic Age | Historians term for the era, usually dated 323-30 b.c.e. in which Greek culture spread across the westernb Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquest of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome but Greek cultural influences persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century c.e. | 17 | |
| 213043877 | Ptolemies | The Macedonian dynasty, descended from one of Alexander the Greats officers that ruled Egypt for three centuries. From their magnificant capital at Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, the Ptolemies largely took over the system created by Egyptian Pharos to extract the wealth of the land rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non- Greeks serving in the military and the administration. | 18 | |
| 213043878 | Alexandria | City on the mediterranean coast of egypt founded by Alexander. it became the capital of of the Hellenistic kindgom of the Ptolemies. it contained the famous libraby and museum a center for leading scientific and literary figures. its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the mediterranean and Indian Ocean. | 19 |
