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| 5569484814 | Patriarchy | A custom were households and society are run by the eldest male | 0 | |
| 5569484815 | Mesopotamia | A fertile piece of land, "known as the land between the rivers," that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. A series of ancient civilizations-most notably Sumer, Babylon, and Persia thrived here. | 1 | |
| 5569484816 | Caste System | A social structure that divided people into classes | 2 | |
| 5569484817 | Hammurabi's Code | An extensive code of laws drafted by a king of the Babylonian Empire. It dealt with every part of daily life and is often credited as a significant step toward our modern legal codes. It distinguished between major and minor offenses and it established a sense of justice and fairness by applying the laws to nearly everyone. | 3 | |
| 5569484819 | City-State | An urban area and the agricultural land around its under its control | 4 | |
| 5569484821 | Cuneiform | Ancient Sumerian form of writing written in wet clay with a cut reed. Scribes used this form of writing to set down laws, treaties and important social and religious customs. | 5 | |
| 5569484822 | Upanishads | Ayran beliefs and traditions were recorded in these. | 6 | |
| 5569484824 | Cultural Diffusion | Changes in a society when it interacts with another culture | 7 | |
| 5569484825 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese belief that heaven would grant dynasties power as long as it rulers governed justly and wisely. Put another way, dynasties would remain in power only as long as it had the blessing of heaven | 8 | |
| 5569484826 | Pharoahs | Egyptian rulers who often directed the construction of obelisks and pyramids to be enormous tombs for their afterlife. | 9 | |
| 5569484827 | Hieroglyphs | Egyptian writing system that used a series of pictures to represent letters and words. | 10 | |
| 5569484828 | Queen Hatshepsut | First female ruler in world history. She ruled Egypt for 22 years and is credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions. | 11 | |
| 5569484829 | Bantu | Group of Africans, speaking from the same family of languages that migrated from West Africa to the south and east over a course of 2,000 years. | 12 | |
| 5569484830 | Foraging societies | Hunter-gatherer societies that are composed of small groups of people who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictate. | 13 | |
| 5569484831 | Aryans | Nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains. Using horses and advanced weaponry, they easily defeated the populations in the Indus Valley. Each of the tribes migrated to India independently; over a period of time, they began to settle in the Indus Valley, where they gave up their nomadic lifestyles and settled with the native Dravidian people. | 14 | |
| 5569484832 | Harappa | One of two major cities in the Indus River Valley that was home to more than 100,000. There is strong evidence that the cities were master-planned, uniformly constructed and had sophisticated wastewater systems. | 15 | |
| 5569484833 | Mayans | One of two earliest civilizations in the Americas. They were an urban society supported by surpluses of corn, beans, and squash. Like most early societies, they mastered irrigation techniques and constructed large-scale buildings; they were polytheistic, and developed a system of writing and a calendar | 16 | |
| 5569484834 | Phoenicians | People who established a series of powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean and also developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters as opposed to the much more complex cuneiform system. | 17 | |
| 5569484835 | Kyber Pass | Route through the Hindu Kush Mountains that provided the only connections to the outside world for the Indus River Valley. | 18 | |
| 5569484836 | Ziggurats | Sumerian-built temples which were like pyramids and meant to appease their gods | 19 | |
| 5569484837 | King Menes | The entire Nile River Valley was first unified under this man who built his capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage floodwaters and build drainage and irrigation systems | 20 | |
| 5569484838 | Hebrews | The first group of people who developed a monotheist religion. They established Israel in Palestine on the eastern shores on the Mediterranean Sea. Despite being frequently invaded by neighboring people, the retained their identity, in part by believing that they were God's people. | 21 | |
| 5569484839 | Iron | The later part of the Neolithic Era when people figured out how to alloy copper with tin to create an even harder metal and helped the development of tools and weapons. | 22 | |
| 5569484840 | Varna | The social class division in India. | 23 | |
| 5569484841 | Neolithic Revolution | Transition period between 8000 BCE and 3000 BCE when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life. | 24 | |
| 5569484842 | Polytheism | Worshipping more than one god. | 25 | |
| 5569484843 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth century prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals determining their own fate would influence later religions. | 26 | |
| 5569484844 | Stupas | Buddhist shrines | 27 | |
| 5569484845 | Qanat | Persian underground canals used for irrigation. They reduced evaporation due to heavy sun and heat. | 28 | |
| 5569484846 | Eunuchs | Castrated males, originally in charge of the harem, who grew to play major roles in government; common in China and other societies | 29 | |
| 5569484847 | Darius | Greatest emperor of the Achaemenid Empire; developed the standard Achaemenid administrative techniques of satraps. Like his great-grandfather, he was tolerant the diverse beliefs and customs within his empire. | 30 | |
| 5569484848 | 4 Noble Truths | The foundation of Buddhist thought: (1)Life is pain, (2) Pain is caused by desire, (3) Elimination of desire will bring an end to pain, (4) Living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire | 31 | |
| 5569484849 | Dharma | Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order; also, the basic doctrine of Buddhism | 32 | |
| 5569484850 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy from the Qin and Zhou dynasties that called for a practical and ruthless approach to statecraft. It did not concern itself with ethic, morality, or propriety. Instead, they devoted their attention to the sates, which they sought to expand and strengthen at all costs. | 33 | |
| 5569484851 | Achaemenids | First great Persian empire which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius. | 34 | |
| 5569484852 | Jainism | Indian religion associated with the teacher Vardhamana Mahavira in which every physical object possessed a soul; believed in complete nonviolence to all living beings | 35 | |
| 5569484854 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a the following of wuwei- disengagement from competitive exertions and from active involvement in affairs of the world. It also required people to REFRAIN from seeking an advanced education. | 36 | |
| 5569484855 | Satrapies | Persian administrative regions devised by Darius. | 37 | |
| 5569484856 | Boddisatvas | Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help people | 38 | |
| 5569484857 | Alexander the Great | Conqueror from Macedon who is able to topple the mighty Achaemenid Empire. However, upon his death shortly after, his new empire is divided between three of his generals. | 39 | |
| 5569484858 | Cyrus | First emperor of the Persian Achaemenid empire. Allowed all the people in the Persian Empire to practice their own customs and beliefs | 40 | |
| 5569484861 | Siddhartha Gautama | Indian kshatriya who achieved enlightenment and became known as the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. | 41 | |
| 5569484864 | Xerxes | Son of Darius; retreated from the Achaemenid policy of toleration because he wanted to impose Persian customs on all who lived within Persian Empire. Out of revenge for his father's loss, he attacks the Greek city-states and is victorious at the Battle of Thermopylae | 42 | |
| 5569484867 | Kong Fuzi | Confucius; traveled whole life looking for a government job. However, because of his uncompromising personality, he remained unemployed. Despite his failure, he attracted followers eager to learn his lessons about being an effective government leader. | 43 | |
| 5569484870 | Magi | Zoroastrian priests who orally communicated most of the religious beliefs | 44 | |
| 5569484873 | Qin Shi Huangdi | First emperor of the Qin dynasty; known for his ruthlessness, persecution of critics, and lavish burial tomb with 15,000 terra cotta figurines | 45 | |
| 5569559682 | Chandragupta Maurya | First emperor of the Indian Mauryan Empire. Tradition holds that he abdicated this throne to become a monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. | 46 | |
| 5569484879 | Period of Warring States | Era directly following the collapse of the Zhou dynasty. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were all developed during this time. | 47 | |
| 5569484882 | Hindu numerals | Number system developed by Hindu Indians; however, Europeans first received the knowledge from Arabs in North Africa | 48 | |
| 5569484885 | Monsoon Winds | Weather pattern in the Indian Ocean that has rhythmic wind patterns. During the spring and summer the winds blow from the southwest, and during the fall and winter the winds came from the northwest. This patterns greatly facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean basin. | 49 | |
| 5569484888 | 8 Fold Path | The last of the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism says that living a life in accordance to this bring the elimination of desire and suffering. It demands right belief, resolve, speech, behavior, occupation, effort, contemplation, and meditation. | 50 | |
| 5569484891 | Tribute | "Gifts" given by subject people to their rulers. Darius replaced these with a more formal and regular taxation. | 51 | |
| 5569484894 | Seleucids | Persian dynasty founded by one of Alexander the Great's generals after his death. As a Greek, he was not welcomed by the Persian population and had made problems maintaining control. However, they did maintain all of the Achaemenids' systems of administration. | 52 | |
| 5569484897 | Ren, Li, Xiao | Confucian traits of generosity, propriety, and family loyalty that are required of all junzi (superior individuals | 53 | |
| 5569484900 | Pax Romana | Roman peace;" a term that to the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries | 54 | |
| 5569484903 | Helots | A class of serfs in classical Sparta; neither a slave nor free citizen. They were generally assigned to citizens to carry out domestic work, act as a servant or tenant farmer. | 55 | |
| 5569484906 | Helenistics Empires | After Alexander the Great died, his generals divided his immense empire into three parts. All three are referred to as this. It specifically refers to an era when Greek culture was exported beyond peninsular Greece. | 56 | |
| 5569484909 | St. Augustine | Bishop of the northern Africa city of Hippo, this man was the most important and influential figure turning Christianity into a religion with intellectual substance as well as popular religion of salvation. His writings made Christianity an intellectually respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and popular religions of salvation | 57 | |
| 5569484912 | Nestorian Christianity | Early branch of Christianity, named after the 5th century Greek theologian, that emphasized the HUMAN nature of Jesus Christ | 58 | |
| 5569484915 | The Iliad and The Odyssey | Epic poems both written by Homer. One tells the story of the Trojan War from the Greek perspective, the other the story of a Greek soldier returning home after the war. Both reflect the tumultuous centuries after 1100 BCE. They portray a society driven with conflict, and they recount innumerable episodes of aggression, treachery, and violence alongside heroic bravery and courage | 59 | |
| 5569484918 | Polis | Greek term for the city-state | 60 | |
| 5569484921 | Socrates | He was the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy. He subjected traditional ethical teachings to critical scrutiny. This tactic outraged some of his fellow citizens, who brought him to trial on charges that he encouraged immorality and corrupted the Athenian youths who joined him in the marketplace to discuss moral and ethical issues. A jury of Athenian citizens decided that he had indeed passed the bounds of propriety and condemned him to death. | 61 | |
| 5569484924 | Paul of Tarsus | He was the principal figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism. He taught a Christianity that attracted the urban masses in the same way as other religions of salvation that spread widely in the Roman Empire. His doctrine called for individuals to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests. His teaching also explained the world and human history as the results of God's purposeful activity and so provided a framework of meaning for individual's lives. | 62 | |
| 5569484927 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and to aid others. | 63 | |
| 5569484930 | Latifundia | Huge, plantation-like, Roman farms that produced goods only for exports. Products included fruits and vegetables | 64 | |
| 5569484933 | Diocletion | Later Roman emperor who attempted to deal with the problems of the Roman Empire by dividing it into 2 administrative districts. A co-emperor ruled each district as the tetrarchs, would be also to administer the vast empire more effectively than an individual emperor could. | 65 | |
| 5569484936 | Linear A, B | Minoan written script in its earliest and later forms. | 66 | |
| 5569484938 | Julius Caesar | Nephew of Marius who barely escaped Sulla's reign of terror; he spent enormous ums of money sponsoring public spectacles-such as battles between gladiators and wild animals- which helped him build a reputation and win election to posts in the republican government. This activity kept him in the public eye and helped to publicize his interests in social reform. Eventually names himself dictator of Rome for life in 46 BCE. | 67 | |
| 5569484942 | Aristotle | Plato's student; he believed that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world and then depend on reason to sort out its mysteries. | 68 | |
| 5569484945 | Syncretism | Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous. | 69 | |
| 5569484948 | Manichaeism | Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the 3rd century BCE, a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian and Buddhist elements. | 70 | |
| 5569484951 | Patricians | Roman aristocrats and wealthy class. | 71 | |
| 5569484954 | Plebian | Roman common people | 72 | |
| 5569484957 | Paterfamilia | Roman term for the "father of the family," a theoretical implication that gave the male head of the family almost unlimited control. | 73 | |
| 5569484960 | Alexander the Great | Successor to his father Phillip; he lead his Greek and Macedonian army in his successful conquest of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. However, after only two years, most of which was spent celebrating he died, causing his empire to be split among his generals. | 74 | |
| 5569484963 | Pericles | The high tide of Athenian democracy came under the leadership of this statesman. He supported programs that provided employment for thousands of construction workers and laborers. Under his leadership, Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis, with a vibrant community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects. | 75 | |
| 5569484966 | Consuls | The Roman Constitution provided for executive power in the hands of two of these who wielded civil and military power. | 76 | |
| 5569484969 | Senate | This powerful Roman governmental group, whose members were mostly aristocrats with extensive political experience, advised the consuls and ratified all major decisions. Because this group, as well as the consuls both represented the interest of the patricians, there were constant tensions between the wealthy classes and the common people, known as the plebeians | 77 | |
| 5569484972 | Tribunes | When the Plebeians threatened to secede from the Roman state and to establish a rival settlement, the patricians granted them the right to elect these officials who would represent their interests. | 78 | |
| 5569484975 | Caliph | Deputy- Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad | 79 | |
| 5569484978 | Dar al-Islam | "The house of Islam"- a term for the Islamic world | 80 | |
| 5569484981 | Sunni | "Traditionalists" -the most popular branch of Islam; they believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared with the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead | 81 | |
| 5569484984 | Themes | Administrative system used in the Byzantine emperor in which generals looked over the civil order and security a given region. Generals recruited small farmers as soldiers as rewarded them with land grants. | 82 | |
| 5569484987 | Caesaropapism | An emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs. | 83 | |
| 5569484990 | Jihad | An Islamic term, often misinterpreted, either meaning an internal religious struggle against personal vice or a violent struggle against those who threaten Islam. | 84 | |
| 5569484993 | Umayyad Dynasty | Arabic dynasty (661-750) with its capital at Damascus that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east. Their ruling policies only reflected those of the Arab military aristocracy. It was later conquered by Abu al-Abbas who created a dynasty in its place. | 85 | |
| 5569484996 | Iconoclasm | Destruction of religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful | 86 | |
| 5569484999 | Quran | Islamic Holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelation of Allah as presented to Muhammad | 87 | |
| 5569485002 | Abbasid Dynasty | Islamic dynasty lasting for 500 years that was known for its diverse administration which included not only Arabs but also Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and others. In addition, unlike its predecessor it was not a conquering dynasty. It contented itself with administering the empire they inherited. They were al | 88 | |
| 5569485005 | Shia | Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority, their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali. | 89 | |
| 5569485008 | Sufis | Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules | 90 | |
| 5569485011 | Umma | Islamic term for the "community of the faithful." | 91 | |
| 5569485066 | Seal of the Prophets | Muhammad believed that he was this-the final prophet | 92 | |
| 5569485072 | Ka'ba | Originally a pagan shrine that Muhammad condemned, this was later saved and approved as a pilgrimage site in Mecca | 93 | |
| 5569485075 | the Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca, | 94 | |
| 5569485078 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam | 95 | |
| 5569485081 | Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) | The Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law. | 96 | |
| 5569485084 | 5 Pillars of Islam | The foundation of Islam: (1) profession of faith, (2) Prayer, (3), fasting during Ramadan, (4) charity, (5) pilgrimage, or hajj | 97 | |
| 5569485087 | Sharia | The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life. | 98 | |
| 5569485090 | Muslim | A follower of the Islamic faith. He/she believes that Muhammad is the final prophet for all mankind. | 99 | |
| 5569485093 | Clovis | First great Frankish leader, under who the Franks became the preeminent military and political power in Western Europe. In 486, he led Frankish forces on a campaign that wiped out the last vestiges of Roman authority in Gaul. Finally, he organized campaigns against other Germanic peoples who states bordered the Frankish realm in Gaul. By the time of his death, he had thoroughly transformed the Franks. They ranked as the most powerful and dynamic of the peoples building new states in western Europe | 100 | |
| 5569485096 | Vassel | In the feudal system, a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant. | 101 | |
| 5569485099 | Dhow | Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian Ocean basin | 102 | |
| 5569485102 | Zen Buddhism | Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study. | 103 | |
| 5569485105 | Samurai | Professional Japanese warriors. They were the enforcers of the family clans during Feudal times. | 104 | |
| 5569485108 | Junks | Large Chinese ships trading in the Indian ocean basin that could carry up to one thousand tons, much more than the Indian Dhow ships | 105 | |
| 5569485111 | Manors | Large estates of the nobles during the European middle ages, home for the majority of peasants | 106 | |
| 5569485114 | the Sind | Northern Indus region of India that was the first to fall into Islamic hands | 107 | |
| 5569485117 | Serfs | Peasants who, though not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked. | 108 | |
| 5569485120 | Chola | Southern India Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized sate that dominated sea trade | 109 | |
| 5569485123 | Vijayanagar | Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals. | 110 | |
| 5569485126 | Gun Powder | The Chinese discovered that a combination of Charcoal, saltpeter, sulphur, and arsenic had an explosive quality | 111 | |
| 5569485129 | Charlemagne | Greatest Leader of the Carolingian Empire | 112 | |
| 5569485132 | Pope Gregory | The individual most important for providing the Roman church with its sense of direction. He ensured the survival of both the city and the church by mobilizing local resources and organizing the defense of Rome. He also faced difficulties within the church, since bishops frequently acted independently of the pope, as though they were supreme ecclesiastical authorities within their dioceses. He reasserted papal primacy-the claim that the bishop of Rome was the ultimate authority in the Christian | 113 | |
| 5569485136 | Grand Canal | The most elaborate project undertaken by the Sui dynasty; it was one of the world's largest waterworks projects undertaken before modern times. This was meant to facilitate trade between northern and southern China, particularly to make the abundant food supplies from the Yangzi River valley available to residents of Northern China. | 114 | |
| 5569485138 | Foot binding | This involved the tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of the bones and resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet. Women could not walk easily or naturally. Usually they needed canes to walk by themselves, and sometimes depended on servants to carry them around in litters. | 115 | |
| 5569485141 | Vikings | Norse invaders, originally from Scandinavia. They traveled on boats will shallow sails that allowed not only ocean travel but also navigation up rivers inland. They expand toward North America as well as toward England, the Carolingian Empire, Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean. | 116 | |
| 5569485144 | Neo-Confucianism | Syncretic blending of Confucian ideals with Buddhism thought. The Song Dynasty in China began this tradition | 117 | |
| 5569485147 | Sultanate of Delhi | Consolidation of Mahmud of Ghazni's territory after his death. It ruled northern India as an Islamic state but only through the cooperation of local Hindi leaders. | 118 | |
| 5569485150 | Age Groups | African society made a place for groupings that included all individuals within a given community born within a few years of one another. Members of each grouping performed tasks appropriate for their level of development, and they often bonded with one another to form tight circles of friends and political allies. | 119 | |
| 5569485153 | Tamelane | After the fall of several of Mongol Khanates, this man rose to power and filled the power vacuum left by the Mongols in Persia and Afghanistan. However, like others, he was a conqueror, not an administrator. He spent his entire adult life planning and fighting military campaigns but never created an imperial administration to ruler over his new realm. | 120 | |
| 5569485156 | Sundiata | Founder of the Mali Empire, also the inspiration for an African literary and mythological work. | 121 | |
| 5569485159 | Khubilai Khan | Grandson of the first Khan, he extended Mongol ruled into China and founded the Yuan dynasty. | 122 | |
| 5569485162 | Mansa Munsa | Grandson of the great Sundiata of the Mali Empire. He furthered the empires conversion to Islam when he made his hajj to Mecca in 1324 with huge caravan with hundreds of animals and servants. On his return, he built mosques in trading cities through his empire and took his religion more serious than before. | 123 | |
| 5569485165 | Yurts | Large tents used by nomadic peoples | 124 | |
| 5569485169 | Ilkhanate of Persia | Mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid dynasty in the 13th century. | 125 | |
| 5569485171 | Golden Horde | Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the 13 century to the 15th century. | 126 | |
| 5569485174 | Ibn Battuta | Muslim traveler of the 14th century. He traveled almost the entire Islamic realm from India to Persia, even Africa. In both east and west Africa, he consulted with Muslim rulers and offered advice about government, women's dress, and proper relationships between the sexes | 127 | |
| 5569485177 | Creator God | Only commonality between the diverse early African religions. It was believed to be male and was thought to be responsible for setting the world in motion and order events. | 128 | |
| 5569485180 | Shamans | Religious specialists of nomadic groups | 129 | |
| 5569485183 | Kinship groups | The basic groupings of Bantu people in sub-Saharan Africa: extended families ruled by the male heads of | 130 | |
| 5569485186 | Khans | Title given to Mongol rulers | 131 | |
| 5569485189 | Seljuk Turks | Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought the Abbasid empire and fought the Byzantine empire | 132 | |
| 5569485192 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler most famous for his visit to China where he spent years in the court of Khubilai Khan. | 133 | |
| 5569485195 | Little Ice Age | About 1300 CE a process of global climate change caused temperatures to decline significantly and abruptly throughout much of the world. For more than 500 hundred years, the earth experienced a period when temperatures were much cooler than in the era from 1000 to 1300 CE. With markedly cooler temperatures and shorter growing seasons, agricultural production declines in many lands, leading to famine and sometimes even starvation. | 134 | |
| 5569485198 | Leonardo Da Vinci | One of the most well-known artists and scientists of the Renaissance Period. Known for his use of linear-perspective, he was able to better convey a 3-dimension world then medieval artists | 135 | |
| 5569485201 | Yongle's Encyclopedia | Commissioned by the 2nd emperor of the Mind Dynasty, this was another attempt to celebrate the Chinese culture that was destroyed by the Yuan Mongol dynasty. This was more than 23,000 rolls long. | 136 | |
| 5569485204 | Ayllus | The cultivators of the INCAN society who were mostly peasants of common birth and lived in these communities, which were the basic units of rural society. | 137 | |
| 5569485207 | Calpulli | The bulk of the MEXICA population consisted of commoners who lived in hamlets cultivating chinampas and fields allocated to their families by their community groups known as these. | 138 | |
| 5569485210 | Mandarins | Groups of government works in the Ming dynasty, entrusted by the emperor to act as emissaries of the central government to ensure that local officials implements imperial policy. | 139 | |
| 5569485213 | Tenochtitlan | Capital city of the Mexica and Aztec Empire. Build on an island in Lake Texcoco, its position was easily to defend and provided a fertile source of soil from the lake's bottom. | 140 | |
| 5569485217 | Treasure Ships | These huge vessels were used by Zweng He on his seven expeditions throughout SE Asia and the Indian Ocean basin. | 141 | |
| 5569485219 | Mexica | A Central American group, often referred to as the Aztecs because they dominated the alliance that built the Aztec empire in the 15th century. They arrived in central Mexico about the middle of the 13th century and made a reputation for making trouble by kidnapping women from nearby communities and seizing land already cultivated by others | 142 | |
| 5569485222 | Cahokia | Largest of the surviving mounds build by natives in North America. The enormous earthen mounds were sometimes used by the woodlands people like the Iroquois as stages for ceremonies and rituals, platforms for dwellings, and occasionally as burial sites | 143 | |
| 5569485225 | Quipu | In the absence of any script or writing, the Incan people used this mnemonic aid to keep track of their responsibilities. They consisted of an array of small cords of various lengths and colors, all suspended from one large, think cord. Experts tied a series of knots in the small cords which sometimes numbered a hundred or more, to help them remembers certain kinds of information like population, state property, taxes and other labor services. | 144 | |
| 5569485228 | Black Death | Hemispheric outbreak of the Bubonic Plague that spread from China in the 1340s and spread into Western Europe with a decade. The internal hemorrhaging suffered by its victims often discolored the inflammations known as "buboes" and looked black or purple. | 145 | |
| 5569485231 | Hongwu | Founder of the Ming dynasty who spent much of his young life an orphan, so poor that he entered a Buddhist monastery to guarantee himself food. Because of his size and strength, he to the notice of military commanders and made his way through the ranks to lead the rebellious forces that toppled the Yuan dynasty. | 146 | |
| 5569485234 | Fernando of Aragon | Also known as one of the "Catholic Kings," this man's marriage to Isabella of Castile united their two kingdoms into one realm: Spain. | 147 | |
| 5569485237 | Ming Dynasty | Translated at "brilliant," this new Chinese dynasty replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty set about eliminating all traces of Mongol rule and establishing a government on the model o f traditional Chinese dynasties. | 148 |
