Terms from Chapter 8 in Myers 7e and from class notes on learning principles
Terms : Hide Images
| 114573858 | behaviorism | perspective in psychology that emphasizes how subjects learn OBSERVABLE behaviors | |
| 114573859 | learning | relatively permanent change in organism's behavior due to experience | |
| 114573860 | classical conditioning | type of associative learning in which the subject learns to respond to a previously neutral stimulus after it is repeatedly paired with an important one; described by Pavlov | |
| 114573861 | operant conditioning | type of associative learning in which the subject learns a relationship between its behavior and a subsequent reward or punishment; described by B.F. Skinner | |
| 114573862 | observational learning | type of learning in which the subject imitates behavior demonstrated by a model; Albert Bandura showed its role in creating aggressive behaviors in children | |
| 114573863 | associative learning | learning that two events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) | |
| 114573864 | John Watson | founder of behaviorist perspective; conducted "Little Albert" experiments involving fear conditioning | |
| 114573865 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who described classical conditioning after landmark study with dogs | |
| 114573866 | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training | |
| 114573867 | unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | |
| 114573868 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | |
| 114573869 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | |
| 114573870 | acquisition | initial learning of associative relationship; in classical conditioning, when the CS is paired with UCS to produce the CR; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | |
| 114573871 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when the UCS does not follow a CS and in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced | |
| 114573872 | spontaneous recovery | reappearance, after rest period, of a previously extinguished conditioned response | |
| 114573873 | generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS; for example, Pavlov's dogs would drooling in response to a variety of tones | |
| 114573874 | higher order learning | when CS regularly creates CR, it can be paired with another stimulus for additional conditioning | |
| 114573875 | John Garcia | he found that rats learn to avoid the taste of sweetened water when it preceded sickness, even though the sickness was caused by exposure to radiation | |
| 114573876 | Robert Rescorla | his work emphasized the importance of cognition in classical conditioning; subjects learn the predictive value of the CS | |
| 114573877 | avoidance conditioning | use of classical conditioning procedures to get subjects to avoid a particular stimulus (e.g. use of nauseating chemicals to get coyotes to avoid sheep) | |
| 114573878 | Edward Thorndike | studied cats in "puzzle boxes" and known for his "Law of Effect" | |
| 114573879 | Skinner box | also known as an operant chamber; used to systematically administer rewards and punishments to small animal subjects | |
| 114573880 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's assertion that "rewarded behavior is likely to recur" | |
| 114573881 | shaping | operant conditioning technique in which subjects are gradually reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior | |
| 114573882 | chaining | procedure in operant conditioning where, using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills | |
| 114573883 | reinforcer | any stimulus, administered after a behavior, that increases the preceding behavior | |
| 114573884 | positive reinforcement | strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a desired behavior (e.g. getting paid for doing the dishes) | |
| 114580270 | negative reinforcement | strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus afer a desired behavior (e.g. not having to do the dishes if you eat your vegetables) | |
| 114580271 | primary reinforcer | reward that is naturally satisfying (unlearned); for example, tasty food | |
| 114580272 | secondary reinforcer | conditioned reinforcer; its pleasantness is learned through association with primary reinforcers (e.g. money) | |
| 114580273 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcement schedule in which a subject's correct behavior is reinforced every time it occurs | |
| 114580274 | partial reinforcement schedule | reinforcement schedule in which correct behaviors are reinforced sometimes (but not always) | |
| 115309980 | fixed ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a subject is rewarded after a set number of correct responses | |
| 115309981 | variable ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a subject is rewarded after an unpredictable/random number of correct responses | |
| 115309982 | fixed interval schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a subject is rewarded for the first correct response after a predetermined time period (e.g. 10 minutes) | |
| 115309983 | variable interval schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a subject is rewarded for the first correct response after varying time periods have elapsed (e.g. 3 minutes, then 25 minutes, then 15 minutes...) | |
| 115309984 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows; opposite of reinforcement | |
| 115309985 | B.F. Skinner | psychologist known for describing and researching operant conditioning | |
| 115309986 | latent learning | learning that only becomes apparent when the subject is later given an opportunity to demonstrate the knowledge | |
| 115309987 | cognitive map | mental representation of a location; Edward Tolman demonstrated rats' use of these in running mazes | |
| 115309988 | Edward Tolman | His research on cognitive maps in rats is an example of latent learning | |
| 115309989 | overjustification | a paradoxical situation in which rewarding a person's efforts on a task done for primarily intrinsic reasons tends to lead to lower, not higher, performance | |
| 115309990 | Albert Bandura | psychologist who's "Bobo doll experiment" demonstrated that aggressive behavior can be learned through observation | |
| 115309991 | mirror neurons | neurons which fire both during completion of a behavior and during observation of another subject completing the behavior; believed to enable observational learning | |
| 115309992 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of antisocial behavior); can be learned through modeling | |
| 115309993 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | |
| 115309994 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or punishments | |
| 115309995 | respondant behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning (as opposed to "operant behavior") | |
| 261199938 | operant behavior | behavior that "operates" on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing behavior |
