Introduction to Plants
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| 534597064 | Photosynthesis | - Plants use oxygenic photosynthesis - Usually takes place in leaves - Chloroplast: organelle which carries out photosynthesis | |
| 534597065 | Photosynthetic Process | Three stages: 1. Capture energy from sunlight 2. Make ATP and NADPH 3. Use both synthesize molecules from CO2 - Stages 1 and 2 are light-dependent - Stage 3 is carbon fixation (Calvin Cycle); can occur n the absence of light | |
| 534597066 | Chloroplasts | Thylakoid membrane: internal membrane - contains chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light - makes ATP | |
| 534597067 | Invading Land | Water Limitations: - Must protect themselves from drying out - Use waxy coating on leaves - Use stomata for gas exchange: open and close | |
| 534597068 | Transport Cells (Tracheids) | 1. Xylem: water-conducting cells 2. Phloem: food-conducting cells ** Evolutionary shift towards a dominant diploid generation | |
| 534597069 | Plant Life Cycles | - Have multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages - "Haplodiplontic" - Humans only have DIPLONTIC multicellular stage - Fungi only have HAPLONTIC multicellular stage | |
| 534597070 | Gamete/Spore Production | 1. Gametes produced via mitosis 2. Spores produced via meiosis | |
| 534597071 | General Trend | - Sporophyte is gaining dominance - Special Cases: 1. Mosses, liverworts, and ferns have free living gametophytes 2. Gymnosperms and angiosperms ave gametophytes which depend on sporophyte | |
| 534597072 | Gametophyte | - Limited in size - No conductive tissue - Difficult for gametes to meet | |
| 534597073 | Sporophyte | Dominance allows larger size | |
| 534597074 | Nutrition | - Plants require nutrients that they cannot synthesize as well - They are acquired from the soil - Aided by bacteria and fungi - Some plants capture animals | |
| 534597075 | Soil | - DEF: outer layer of earth's rust - Variety of materials: sand, rocks, clay, water, air, roots, minerals, humus (partly decayed organic matter), and living organisms | |
| 534597076 | Minerals | - Soil has 92 naturally occurring minerals - Minerals: elements found in inorganic compounds - Content varies depending on rock content - Must be dissolved in water for plants | |
| 534597077 | Water | - Half of soil is made up of pores filled with water and air - Water-stress tolerant plants are found in sandy soils | |
| 534597078 | Soil Conservation | Topsoil lost from erosion can be conserved by intercropping | |
| 534597079 | Nutrients | - In addition to sunlight and carbon dioxide plants need inorganic nutrients - 9 macronutrients; 7 micronutrients - Mineral deficiencies cause stunted growth and reproductive problems | |
| 534597080 | Macronutrients | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur | |
| 534597081 | Micronutrients | chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, and molybdenum | |
| 534597082 | Symbiosis (Nutrient Strategies) | 1. Bacteria (nodules) turns atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia or nitrate so plants can build amino acids 2. Mycorrhizae aid in uptake of phosphorus and increasing surface area **Plants provide carbohydrates | |
| 534597083 | Carnivores (Nutrient Strategies) | - Often grow in acidic soils - Modified leaves to lure and trap animals - Prey is digested with enzymes | |
| 534597084 | Pitcher Plants | Attract insects with colors, scents, and sugar secretions | |
| 534597085 | Venus Flytrap | - Grows in bogs in North and South Caroline - Touch sensitive | |
| 534597086 | Sundews | Glandular trichomes secrete sticky mucilage and enzymes (trap, but do not snap shut) | |
| 534597087 | Plant Defense | Defense against weather, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and animals | |
| 534597088 | Dermal Tissue | - 1st line of defense - Secrete wax to prevent water loss and attack Penetration: - Nematodes use sharp teeth to penetrate cell walls - Fungi target stomata | |
| 534597089 | Chemical Defense | - Many plants are filled with toxins which ail or kill herbivores - Cyanide in a tropical root - Some chemicals can inhibit growth of neighboring plants (minimizing shading and competition); can work again same or different species | |
| 534597090 | Medicine | 1. Phytoestrogen in soy can decrease levels of prostate cancer and benefit menopause 2. Taxol of pacific yew is used in treating breast cancer 3. Quinine of chincona trees used to treat malaria | |
| 534597091 | Animal Protection | - Some plants use animals for defense - Acacia trees house ants and provide food - Ants fight off other insects - Tree can create chemical to keep ants away when it wants pollinators |
