Physiology of PNS, intro to cholinergic drugs, intro to adrenergic drugs
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| 430854627 | To understand any particular PNS drug you need 3 types of info? | (1) The type (or types) of receptor thru which the drug acts, (2) The normal response to activation of those receptors , (3) What the drug in question does to receptor function (ie, does it Inc/Dec receptor activation?) | |
| 430854628 | Activating Beta1 | Inc's cardiac output (by inc'g heart rate & force of contraction) | |
| 430854629 | Activating Beta2 | dilation of the bronchi & elevation of blood glucose | |
| 430854630 | The Peripheral Nervous System employs 3 neurotransmitters | (1) acetylcholine, (2) norepinephrine, (3) epinephrine | |
| 430854631 | Acetylcholine is the transmitter released by - 5 | (1) ALL preganglionic neurons of the PNS, (2) ALL preganglionic neurons of the SNS, (3) ALL postganglionic neurons of the PNS, (4) ALL motor neurons to skeletal muscles, and (5) most postganglionic neurons of the SNS that go to sweat glands | |
| 430854632 | Norepinephrine is the transmitter released by ? | Practically ALL postganglionic neurons of the SNS. The only exceptions are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons that go to sweat glands, which employ Ach as their transmitter. | |
| 430854633 | Epinephrine is the major neurotransmitter released by? | Adrenal Medulla (the adrenal medulla also releases some NE) | |
| 430854634 | List the 3 Cholinergic receptor subtypes | (1) NicotinicN, (2) NicotinicM, (3) Muscarinic | |
| 430854635 | ACh can activate ? | All 3 Cholinergic receptor subtypes | |
| 430854636 | NicotinicN receptors are located? | (1) Cell bodies of ALL Postganglionic Neurons of the PNS & SNS. (2) and the cells of the Adrenal Medulla | |
| 430854637 | Response to NicotinicN receptor activation | Stimulation of Parasympathetic & sympathetic postganglionic nerves & release of Epinephrine from the Adrenal Medulla | |
| 430854638 | Receptor Agonists for NicotinicN | Nicotine | |
| 430854639 | Receptor Antagonists for NicotinicN | Mecamylamine | |
| 430854640 | NicotinicM receptors are located? | Skeletal muscle | |
| 430854641 | Response to NicotinicM receptor activation | Contraction of skeletal muscle | |
| 430854642 | Receptor Agonists for NicotinicM | Nicotine*(* The doses needed to activate nicotinicM receptors of the NMJs are much higher than the doses needed to activate nicotinicN) | |
| 430854643 | Receptor Antagonists for NicotinicM | d-Tubocurarine, succinylcholine | |
| 430854644 | Muscarinic receptors are located? | (1) All Organs regulated by the PNS (2) sweat glands (of the SNS) Muscarinic cholinergic receptors on blood vessels rqr addtl comment. These receptors are not assoc'd w/ the nervous system in any way. That is, no autonomic nerves terminate at vascular muscarinic receptors. However, regardless of their physiologic relevance, the cholinergic receptors on blood vessels do have pharmacologic significance. Why? Because drugs that are able to activate these receptors cause vasodilation, which in turn causes blood pressure to fall. | |
| 430854645 | Response to Muscarinic Receptor Activation | (1) Eye: contraction of the ciliary muscle focus the lens for near vision (2) contraction of the Iris sphincter muscle causes miosis (dec'd pupil diam) (3) Heart : dec'd rate (4) Lung : constriction of bronchi (5) Bladder: promotion of secretions, contraction of detrusor inc's bladder pressure, relaxation of trigone & sphincter allows urine to leave (6) GI tract: Salivation, Inc'd gastric secretions, Inc'd intestinal tone, & mobility, Defecation (7) Sweat Glands: generalized sweating (8) Sex organs: Erection (9) Blood Vessels: Vasodilation | |
| 430854646 | Receptor Agonists for Muscarinic | Bethanecol | |
| 430854647 | Receptor Antagonists for Muscarinic | Atropine | |
| 430854648 | List Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes | (1) Alpha1 (2) Alpha2 (3) Beta1 (4) Beta2 (5) Dopamine | |
| 430854649 | Adrenergic receptors - alpha, beta, or both are located? | (1) ALL Organs (except sweat glands) regulated by the SNS (2) & Organs regulated by Epinephrine released from the Adrenal Medulla | |
| 430854650 | Response of Alpha1 Peripheral Adrenergic Subtype | (1) Eye: Contraction of radial muscle of iris (like spokes of wheel) causes mydriasis (Inc'd pupil sz) (2) Arterioles: Constriction (skin, viscera, mucous membranes (3) sex organs, male: Ejaculation (4) Prostate Capsule: Contraction (5) Bladder: Contraction of trigone & sphincter | |
| 430854651 | Response of Alpha2 Peripheral Adrenergic Subtype | (1) Presynaptic nerve terminals: Inhibition of transmitter release (located on the nerve terminals and not on the organs innervated by the ANS) | |
| 430854652 | Response of Beta1 Peripheral Adrenergic Subtype | (1) Heart: Inc'd rate, Inc'd force of contraction, Inc'd AV conduction velocity (2) Kidney: Release of renin (promotes synthesis of angiotensin, a powerful vasoconstrictor, helps elevated BP. | |
| 430854653 | Response of Beta2 Peripheral Adrenergic Subtype | (1) Arterioles (heart, lung, & skeletal muscle) causes vasodilation (2) Bronchi: dilation (3) Uterus: Relaxation (4) Liver Glycogenolysis (5) Skeletal Muscle: Enhanced contraction, glycogenolysis | |
| 430854654 | Response of Dopamine Peripheral Adrenergic Subtype | Kidney: dilation of kidney vasculature (In the CNS the dopamine receptors are of great therapeutic importance) | |
| 430854655 | List the 3 Adrenergic transmitters | (1) Epinephrine (2) NE (3) dopamine | |
| 430854656 | Receptor specificity of adrenergic transmitters | (1) Epinephrine can activate ALL Alpha & Beta receptors, but NOT dopamine receptors (2) NE can activate Alpha1, Alpha2, & Beta1 receptors, but NOT Beta2 or dopamine (3) Dopamine can activate Alpha1, Beta1, & Dopamine, but NOT Alpha2 or Beta2 | |
| 430854657 | Adrenergic agonists produce their effects by activating adrenergic receptors. Since the SNS acts thru these same receptors, responses to adrenergic agonists & responses to stimulation of the SNS are very similar. Thus, adrenergic agonists are often called? | sympathomimetics | |
| 430854658 | Adrenergic agonists fall into 2 major chemical classes: | catecholamines & noncatecholamines | |
| 430854659 | Catecholamines & noncatecholamines differ in 3 important respects: | (1) oral usability, (2) duration of action, (3) the ability to act in the CNS | |
| 430854660 | Catecholamines have 3 properties in common: | (1) CANNOT be use orally, (2) brief duration of action, (3) CANNOT cross the blood-brain barrier (The actions of 2 enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO) & catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) - explain why the catecholamines have short ½-lives and cannot be used orally. MAO & COMT are located in the liver & intestinal wall. | |
| 430854661 | List the 5 catecholamines: | NE, Epinephrine, Isoproterenol, Dopamine, & Dobutamine | |
| 430854662 | 3 catecholamines are only effective if admin'd by cont infusion? | NE, dopamine, & dobutamine | |
| 430854663 | Catecholamines are polar molecules, and hence CANNOT ____? | Cross the blood-brain barrier and thus have minimal effect on the CNS. The polar nature of the catecholamines are d/t the hydroxyl groups on the catechol portion of the molecule. | |
| 430854664 | Noncatecholamines have ethylamine in their structure, but do NOT contain? | the catechol moiety that characterizes catecholamines. | |
| 430854665 | 3 Noncatecholamines: | (1) ephedrine, (2) albuterol, (3) phenylephrine | |
| 430854666 | Noncatecholamines differ from catecholamines in 3 important respects? | (1)lack a catechol group so their ½ -lives are much LONGER, (2) Because they do NOT undergo rapid degradation by MAO & COMT they can be given ORALLY, (3) considerably less polar than catecholamines, and hence are more able to cross the blood-brain barrier. | |
| 430854667 | Receptor specificity is relative, not absolute. The ability of a drug to selectively activate certain receptors to the exclusion of others depends on the dosage:? | (1) Low doses - selectivity is maximal, (2) As dosage Inc's - selectivity declines | |
| 430854668 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Catecholamines: Epinephrine? | Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2 | |
| 430854669 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Catecholamines: NE? | Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1 | |
| 430854670 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Catecholamines: Isoproterenol? | Beta1 & Beta2 | |
| 430854671 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Catecholamines: Dobutamine? | Beta1 | |
| 430854672 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Catecholamines: Dopamine? | Alpha1, Beta1 & Dopamine | |
| 430854673 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Noncatecholamines: Ephedrine? | Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2 | |
| 430854674 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Noncatecholamines: Phenylephrine? | Alpha1 | |
| 430854675 | Receptor Specificity of Representative Adrenergic Agonists Noncatecholamines: Albuterol? | Beta1 | |
| 430854676 | To understand the effects of any specific adrenergic agonist, all you need is 2 types of info: | (1) identity of the receptors at which the drug acts (2) effects produced by activating those receptors. This will reveal a profile of drug action |
