The Foundation of Biochemistry
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| 3692189904 | Distinguishing features of living organisms. | 1. High degree of complexity 2. Systems for using energy 3. Defined functions for each component 4. Mechanisms for sensing and responding 5. A capacity for precise self-replication and assembly 6. A capacity to change over time | 0 | |
| 3692189905 | Three Domains | 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya | 1 | |
| 3692189906 | Bacteria | Inhabit soils, surface waters, and tissues. | 2 | |
| 3692189907 | Archaea | Inhabit extreme environments; salt lakes, hot springs and the ocean. | 3 | |
| 3692189908 | Aerobic Environments | Organisms derive energy from the transfer of electrons from fuel molecules to oxygen. | 4 | |
| 3692189909 | Anaerobic Environments | Organisms obtain energy by transferring electrons to nitrate (forming N2), sulfate (forming H2S), or CO2 (forming CH4). (Many of these organisms die when exposed to oxygen). | 5 | |
| 3692189910 | Phototrophs | Energy from light. Autotroph - Carbon from CO2 Heterotroph - Carbon from organic compounds | 6 | |
| 3692189911 | Chemotrophs | Energy from oxidation of a fuel. Lithotrophs - Oxidize inorganic fuels (Fe2+ to Fe3+). Organotrophs - Oxidize organic compounds. | 7 | |
| 3692189912 | Monomeric Units | Nucleotides Amino Acids Sugars | 8 | |
| 3692189913 | Macromolecules | DNA Protein Cellulose | 9 | |
| 3692189914 | Supramolecular Complexes | Chromatin Plasma Membrane Cell Wall | 10 | |
| 3692189915 | Carbon | Single bonds with Hydrogen Single or double bonds with Nitrogen and Oxygen | 11 | |
| 3692189916 | Methyl | H l R-C-H l H | 12 | |
| 3692189917 | Ethyl | H H l l R-C-C-H l l H H | 13 | |
| 3692189918 | Carbonyl (aldehyde) | R-C-H ll O | 14 | |
| 3692189919 | Carbonyl (ketone) | R1-C-R2 ll O | 15 | |
| 3692189920 | Carboxyl | R-C-O` (`is minus) ll O | 16 | |
| 3692189921 | Hydroxyl | R-O-H | 17 | |
| 3692189922 | Ether | R1-O-R2 | 18 | |
| 3692189923 | Ester | R1-C-O-R2 ll O | 19 | |
| 3692189924 | Acetyl | H l R-O-C-C-H ll l O H | 20 | |
| 3692189925 | Proteins | Long polymers of amino acids. | 21 | |
| 3692189926 | Proteome | Sum of all the proteins functioning in a cell. | 22 | |
| 3692189927 | Nucleic Acids | Polymers of DNA and RNA. | 23 | |
| 3692189928 | Polysaccharides | Polymers of simple sugars (IE glucose) | 24 | |
| 3692189929 | Stereoisomers | Molecules with the same chemical bonds but different configuration. | 25 | |
| 3692189930 | Stereospecific | Requiring specific configurations in the interacting molecules. | 26 | |
| 3692189931 | Geometric Isomers (Cis-Trans Isomers) | Differ in the arrangement of the substituent groups with respect to the nonrotating double bond. | 27 | |
| 3692189932 | Chiral Center | Carbon atom with 4 substituents that is said to be asymmetric. | 28 | |
| 3692189933 | Enantiomers | Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. | 29 | |
| 3692189934 | Diastereomers | Pairs of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. | 30 | |
| 3692189935 | RS System - R | Determined clockwise. | 31 | |
| 3692189936 | RS System - S | Determined counter-clockwise. | 32 | |
| 3692189937 | Isolated | System exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings. | 33 | |
| 3692189938 | Closed | System exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings. | 34 | |
| 3692189939 | Open | System exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. | 35 | |
| 3692189940 | Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | One reactant is oxidized (loses E-) and one is reduced (gains E-). | 36 | |
| 3692189941 | Entropy (S) | Randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system. | 37 | |
| 3692189942 | Enthalpy (H) | Number and kinds of bonds. | 38 | |
| 3692189943 | Temperature (T) | Kelvin (C + 273.15) | 39 | |
| 3692189944 | Δ | Change | 40 | |
| 3692189945 | Free-Energy Change (ΔG) | ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔH is negative for a rxn that releases heat; ΔS is positive for a rxn that increases the systems randomness. ΔG is negative for a rxn that occurs occurs spontaneously. | 41 | |
| 3692189946 | Endergonic | Requiring energy | 42 | |
| 3692189947 | Exergonic | Releasing energy | 43 | |
| 3692189948 | Standard Free-Energy Change (ΔG°) | A constant that is characteristic of each specific reaction. Also, the initial concentrations of reactants and products. | 44 | |
| 3692189949 | Equation for calculating free-energy change | ΔG° = -RT ln Keq | 45 | |
| 3692189950 | Enzymes | Biocatalysts that greatly enhance the rate of specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. | 46 | |
| 3692189951 | Transition State | A state of higher free energy than either reactant or product. | 47 | |
| 3692189952 | Activation Energy (ΔG+) | Difference in energy between the reactant in its ground state and in its transition state. | 48 | |
| 3692189953 | Catabolism | A pathway that degrades organic nutrients into simple end products in order to extract chemical energy and convert it into a form useful to the cell. E released by catabolism drives the synthesis of ATP. | 49 | |
| 3692189954 | Anabolism | A pathway that starts with small precursor molecules and converts them to progressively larger and more complex molecules (including proteins and nucleic acids). | 50 | |
| 3692189955 | Feedback Inhibition | If a cell begins to produce more Protein A than it needs for protein synthesis, the unused Protein A accumulates and the increased concentration inhibits the catalytic activity of the first enzyme in the pathway, slowing the production of Protein A. | 51 | |
| 3692189956 | Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | The material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics. | 52 |
