Metabolism
What is a biochemical pathway? What is required at each step of a biochemical pathway? How can it be regulated?
What is energy? What form of energy is utilized in the cell? What is energy used for in the cell?
What is the first law of thermodynamics? How does each pertain to energy flow on earth? How does it pertain to metabolism?
What are the five requirements within the cell for metabolism to occur?
What are Redox reactions? What does it mean when a substance is reduced? Oxidized? Where are redox reactions found in metabolism?
What electron carriers are utilized in the metabolic pathways? Know the oxidized and reduced forms.
What are enzymes? What is their function? How do they speed up chemical reactions? Know the characteristics of enzymes and sites on the enzyme (active site, allosteric site). How do pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity? KNOW GRAPHS!
How are enzymes controlled? What is Allosteric vs. competitive inhibition?
For each of the following pathways: Glycolysis, Fermentation, Intermediate Step, TCA Cycle...
What are the inputs and outputs of the pathway?
What type of process produces the ATP? How much is made? Where is most of the energy from
glucose stored after each step?
What is the difference between the energy input and energy output stages of Glycolysis? What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present or the cell does not have an electron transport chain?
How does the electron transport chain (ETC) work? Understand where the electrons come from, how they move through the chain, what the final electron acceptor is, how H+ are pumped across the membrane, and how ATP is ultimately made using ATP synthase. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What process occurs in both aerobic respiration and fermentation? What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation? What types of products are produced? Why is fermentation useful in everyday life? What must be recycled in fermentation for Glycolysis to continue to occur?
How are other metabolites fed into the metabolic pathways? How are intermediates used to synthesize new biomolecules?
| 964801629 | Metabolism | Biosynthesis Harvest energy Convert food into usable energy (ATP) | 0 | |
| 964801630 | metabolism | The sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis and energy-harvesting is termed | 1 | |
| 964801631 | Energy | is the capacity to do work | 2 | |
| 964801632 | Forms of Energy | Potential- stored | 3 | |
| 964801633 | Kinetic | energy of motion | 4 | |
| 964801634 | Free Energy is the Energy Available to Do Work | In Biology, this means the amount of energy released when a bond is broken Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction | 5 | |
| 964801635 | Energy (food) to ATP | Metabolism Converts Energy from One Form to Another Chemical | 6 | |
| 964801636 | All living things require energy to survive | Movement Synthesizing cellular components Gene Expression Growth | 7 | |
| 964801637 | Movement | Synthesizing cellular components (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids) Gene Expression Growth | 8 | |
| 964801638 | Synthesizing cellular components | carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids | 9 | |
| 964801639 | Metabolism Follows the | Metabolism Follows the | 10 | |
| 964801640 | First Law of Thermodynamics: | Energy is not created or destroyed... it simply changes from one form to another. | 11 | |
| 964801641 | Metabolic Pathways Occur in a Sequence of Chemical Reactions | Series of linked chemical reactions Product of one reaction becomes substrate of the next reaction | 12 | |
| 964801642 | Each individual chemical reaction has its own enzyme: | >< | 13 | |
| 964801643 | What is Required for Metabolism to Occur? | 1. Enzymes 2. ATP 3. Chemical energy (nutrients) 4. Electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD) 5. Precursor metabolites | 14 | |
| 964801644 | Enzymes | are biologically active PROTEINS. Produced from genes on DNA | 15 | |
| 964801645 | ... | One gene is genetic code for one protein (enzyme) Need many enzymes in metabolism; therefore, need many genes! | 16 | |
| 964801646 | Activation Energy of a Reaction is Lowered by using an Enzyme | Activation Energy (EA) is the amount of energy it takes to initiate the chemical reaction. | 17 | |
| 964801647 | ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) | High energy molecule of cells "Energy Currency" of the Cell Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between the phosphate groups | 18 | |
| 964801648 | Energy to produce ATP | comes from catabolic metabolism of organic molecules (breakdown of food: carbohydrates, fat, proteins) | 19 | |
| 964801649 | Chemical Energy Source | Compound broken down by a cell to release energy (sugar, protein...) | 20 | |
| 964801650 | Prokaryotes | show diversity in what compounds they can utilize (organic and inorganic) | 21 | |
| 964801651 | Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | Harvesting energy requires a series of coupled reactions | 22 | |
| 964801652 | Metabolism Happens Through Redox Reactions: | The transfer of Electrons Paired chemical reactions used by cells to extract energy from nutrients | 23 | |
| 964801653 | Oxidation: | Loss of Electrons | 24 | |
| 964801654 | Reduction: | Gain of Electrons | 25 | |
| 964801655 | Photosythesis reaction | ... | 26 | |
| 964801656 | Redox Reactions Require Electron Carriers | NAD & FAD | 27 | |
| 964801657 | ... | H+ + 2e- + NAD+ → NADH 2H+ + 2e- + FAD (oxidized) (reduced) | 28 | |
| 964801658 | ... | FADH2 NADH | 29 | |
| 964801659 | NADH as electron "Taxi" | ... | 30 | |
| 964801660 | Precursor Metabolites | Intermediate products produced in catabolic pathways that are used in anabolic pathways | 31 | |
| 964801661 | Scheme of metabolism | Three key pathways | 32 | |
| 964801662 | Central metabolic pathways | Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway Tricarboxcylic acid cycle | 33 | |
| 964801663 | Central pathways are catabolic and provide | Energy Reducing power Precursor metabolites | 34 |
