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| 164792161 | Flog (v) | To whip | |
| 164792162 | Flagellant (n) | One who whips | |
| 164792163 | Artisan (n) | Skilled craftsman | |
| 164792164 | Jacquerie (n) | Peasant uprising in France over taxation in 1358 | |
| 164792165 | Guild (n) | Trade union; assembly of workers united by craft | |
| 164792166 | Feudalism (n) | Political/military system in which a lord provides for his vassals, who work for him in turn | |
| 164792167 | Centralization (n) | Bringing the tools of govt under central control | |
| 164792168 | Magna Carta (n) | Signed by King John in 1215, gave civil liberties to English people | |
| 164792169 | Secular (adj) | Worldly, not spiritual | |
| 164792170 | Papal (adj) | Related to the pope | |
| 164792171 | Papacy (n) | Office of the pope | |
| 164792172 | Crusade (n) | Religious war | |
| 164792173 | Clergy (n) | Priests | |
| 164792174 | Lay (adj) | Non-clergy | |
| 164792175 | Heresy (n) | Speaking against the institution or ideas of the church | |
| 164792176 | Unam Sanctum (n) | Political authority is subject to church authority | |
| 164792177 | Indulgence (n) | Pardon for unrepented sin; source of revenue for the church | |
| 164792178 | Schism (n) | Division; the competition between 3 popes | |
| 164792179 | Conciliarism (n) | Theory that a representative council should regulate the actions of the pope | |
| 164792180 | Renaissance (n) | Rebirth | |
| 164792181 | Oligarchy (n) | Rule by a few (e.g. Wealthy) | |
| 164792182 | Popolo grosso (n) | Fat people (wealthy merchants) | |
| 164792183 | Popolo minimo (n) | Little people (farmers, laborers, peasants, etc) | |
| 164792184 | Despot (n) | Tyrant | |
| 164792185 | Condottieri (n) | Mercenaries hired to defend Italian despots against rivals | |
| 164792186 | Humanism (n) | Study of Greco-Roman classics and of the Church Fathers as well as a celebration of man as an individual | |
| 164792187 | Platonism (n) | From Plato, humanist notion that human reason is transcendent | |
| 164792188 | Civic humanism (n) | Humanist notion that one should use one's education to serve the community | |
| 164792189 | Chiaroscuro (n) | Use of shading for natural effect (e.g. Raphael) | |
| 164792190 | Linear perspective (n) | Use of depth to enhance dimensionality/spatial realism (e.g. Da Vinci) | |
| 164792191 | Mannerism (n) | Inclusion of mood, emotion, aberrancy in proportion and design (e.g. El Breco) | |
| 164792192 | Machiavellian (adj) | Having political craftiness and ruthless cunning (the end justifies the means) (do whatever you can to get to the end) | |
| 164792193 | Sovereign (adj) | Supreme | |
| 164792194 | Taille (n) | Tax on peasantry in France | |
| 164792195 | Golden Bull (n) | Agreement to centralize German authority and establish an electoral college (1356) | |
| 164792196 | Reichstag (n) | National assembly in Germany (similar to Parliament) intended to unite German Papal States | |
| 164792197 | Utopia (n) | Literally "no place", taken from Thomas More's book that imagines a society based on reason, tolerance, and the common wealth (similar to communism) | |
| 164792198 | Empire (n) | A territory of greater extent than a nation or kingdom ruled by a sovereign | |
| 164792199 | "Black Legend" (n) | Romantic idea that the Natives lived in tranquility under merciful rulers until the savage Spanish arrived | |
| 164792200 | Exploitation (n) | Use of land, resource, or people for profit | |
| 164792201 | Conquistador (n) | Spanish conqueror in the New World | |
| 164792202 | Encomienda (n) | The right to exploit the labor Indians for a period of time (evolved into the repartimiento) | |
| 164792203 | Bullion (n) | Gold | |
| 164792204 | Reform (n/v) | Change | |
| 164792205 | Proselytize (v) | To convert or recruit | |
| 164792206 | Diet (n) | The regional legislature in the 16c Holy Roman Empire | |
| 164792207 | Excommunication (n) | Exclusion from the privileges of and assembly in the church | |
| 164792208 | Schmaldkaldic League (n) | Alliance of German Protestant lands against Catholic emperor (Charles V) | |
| 164792209 | Canton (n) | Independent Swiss state | |
| 164792210 | Sect (n) | Body of ppl adhering to a particular faith | |
| 164792211 | Predestination (n) | Calvinist doctrine that God predetermines the fate of every individual's soul before birth and only some are "elect" (given the gift of faith) | |
| 164792212 | Augsburg Confession (n) | Statement of Protestant beliefs, demonstrating religious difference from Catholic beliefs | |
| 164792213 | Peace of Augsburg (n) | Allowed the ruler to determine the religion of the region ("cuius region, eius religio" = "as the region, so is religion") | |
| 164792214 | Act of Supremacy (n) | Declared Henry VIII the head of the Church of England | |
| 164792215 | Simony (n) | Making profit from sacred things | |
| 164792216 | Jesuits (n) | Counter-Reformation movement intended to win Protestant converts back to the Catholic Church (Ignatius of Loyola) | |
| 164792217 | Magisterial (adj) | Related to an authority or king | |
| 164792218 | Politique (n) | A ruler who favors religious toleration/compromise for the sake of political unity (e.g. Henry IV/Henry of Navarre, Elizabeth I) | |
| 164792219 | Huguenot (n) | French Protestant | |
| 164792220 | Edict of Fontainebleau (n) | Made Protestantism illegal in France | |
| 164792221 | Edict of Nantes (n) | Recognized limited Huguenot rights for French Protestants (Henry IV; 4/13/1598) | |
| 164792222 | Act of Supremacy (1559) (n) | Made Elizabeth "supreme governor" over England and its church | |
| 164792223 | Sea beggars (n) | Anti-Spanish exiles and prisoners who were freed by William of Orange to spark rebellion against Spain | |
| 164792224 | Pacification of Ghent (n) | Union of Protestant and Catholic provinces in the Netherlands; drove Spanish out of n'lands | |
| 164792225 | Armada (n) | Spanish fleet that failed to invade England in 1587-88 or put down rebellions in the n'lands | |
| 164792226 | Defenestrate (v) | To throw out of window | |
| 164792227 | Habsburg (n) | Royal family in the Eastern HRE under the control of Spain (Bohemia, Austria, Hungary) | |
| 164792228 | Peace of Prague (n) | Agreement between Habsburg, Ferdinand and Protestant German states to end the war in HRE (didn't end war) | |
| 164792229 | Treaty of Westphalia (n) | Officially ended the 30 Years' War, reaffirmed Peace of Habsburg, recognized Calvinism, indirectly gave France dominance in Europe, and sparked nationalist sentiments by European nation-states | |
| 164792230 | Stadtholder (n) | Hereditary "president" of Holland (e.g. William III of Orange) | |
| 164792231 | Republic (n) | Govt by the people through representatives | |
| 164792232 | Dutch East India Company (n) | Chartered company (1602-1623) that had a monopoly over colonial activity in Asia | |
| 164792233 | Parliamentary monarchy (n) | Govt controlled jointly by parliament and king (e.g. William and Mary) | |
| 164792234 | Absolutism (n) | Political System run only by the king on the rule of "divine right" (e.g. Louis XIV) | |
| 164792235 | House of Commons (n) | Half of bicameral Parliament in England that rep's the free subjects (i.e., landowning and merchant classes) | |
| 164792236 | House of Lords (n) | Half of bicameral Parliament in England that rep's nobles (e.g. Titled, hereditary-aristocratic class) | |
| 164792237 | Restoration (n) | Returning to former status or condition (e.g. Charles I) | |
| 164792238 | Revolution (n) | Overthrow of an order (e.g. William and Mary) | |
| 164792239 | Bill of Rights (n) | Limited powers of the monarchy, increased power of Parliament, guaranteed civil liberties of English nobles, and barred Catholics from the throne | |
| 164792240 | Fronde (n) | Rebellion by French nobles under Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin | |
| 164792241 | Parlements (n) | Regional judicial bodies controlled by nobles (not royal court) | |
| 164792242 | Divine right (n) | Idea formulated by Bishop Bousset that kings are rep's of, and elected by, God | |
| 164792243 | Repress/suppress (v) | Stifle, put down | |
| 164792244 | Jansenism (n) | Quasi-Calvinist sect that arose in opposition to Jesuits; original sin had corrupted mankind so profoundly that only the grace of God could save them all | |
| 164792245 | Revoke (v) | To take back, recall | |
| 164792246 | League of Augsburg (n) | League of European states that opposed Louis XIV's desire to expand his kingdom | |
| 164792247 | Mississippi Bubble (n) | Failed financial scheme in the New World under the duke of Orleans and John Law that exposed the ineptitude of the monarchy after Louis XIV | |
| 164792248 | Sejm (n) | Polish legislative body | |
| 164792249 | Pragmatic Sanction (n) | Document signed by Charles VI to ensure that the Habsburgs would succeed him (no heir) | |
| 164792250 | Junkers (n) | German (HRE) noble landlords who agreed to obey Hohenzollerns in exchange for obedience from their serfs | |
| 164792251 | Great Elector (n) | Ruler who became the central uniting power in Brandenburg-Prussia (Frederick William) | |
| 164792252 | Streltsy (n) | Russian military guards prior to Peter the Great's permanent army | |
| 164792253 | Boyars (n) | Old, traditional nobility who resisted Peter I's social, cultural, and political reforms | |
| 164792254 | Table of Ranks (n) | List of nobles' social status, based not on lineage but on political or military "rank" | |
| 164792255 | Holy Synod (n) | Governmental department, headed by the procurator general, that replaced the Russian Orthodox patriarch | |
| 164792256 | Empiricism (n) | Theory that scientific knowledge is best gained through the senses and direct experience of nature | |
| 164792257 | Geocentrism (n) | Theory that the earth is the center of the universe (e.g. Ptolemy) | |
| 164792258 | Heliocentrism (n) | Theory that the sun is the center of the universe (e.g. Copernicus) | |
| 164792259 | Gravity (n) | Newtonian theory that objects of smaller mass move toward objects of greater mass | |
| 164792260 | Mechanism (n) | Machine with ordered parts (e.g. Clock) | |
| 164792261 | Scientific method (n) | Method of making discoveries about the natural world, based on experimentation and direct experience | |
| 164792262 | Deduction (n) | Scientific reasoning from general principle to specific fact (general to specific) while it's antonym is induction (specific to general) | |
| 164792263 | Dualism (n) | Cartesian theory that the natural world consists of two categories, mind and body | |
| 164792264 | Skepticism (n) | Doubt/unbelief (esp. In religious matters) | |
| 164792265 | Physio-theology (n) | Reconciliation of faith and science (physics and religion) | |
| 164792266 | Tabula Rasa (n) | Locke's notion that humans are entirely the products of their social environments (blank slate) | |
| 164792267 | Print culture (n) | Culture of literacy in Europe in which novels, newspapers, and periodicals had status and high circulation | |
| 164792268 | Philosophes (n) | Literary figures, historians, and economists in France who applied reason to contemporary institutions of power | |
| 164792269 | Bigotry (n) | Stubborn intolerance of any creed or opinion differing from one's own | |
| 164792270 | Deism (n) | Application of reason to religion (watchmaker theory; tolerance) | |
| 164792271 | Assimilation (n) | Merging minor cultural traits into the mainstream society (e.g., Spinoza and Mendelssohn) | |
| 164792272 | Islamophobia (n) | Irrational fear of an obsession with Islam, Muslims, and the Arab world | |
| 164792273 | Physiocrat (n) | Political economists who believed that govt should protect personal property and its use above all | |
| 164792274 | Mercantilism (n) | Theory that the wealth of a nation depends on its possession of gold and silver (exports>imports) | |
| 164792275 | Laissez-faire (n) | Smith's theory that the govt should preserve the independence of the economy | |
| 164792276 | Enlightened absolutism (n) | Monarchy in which the absolutist administration was strengthened and rationalized at the expense of other institutions of power | |
| 164792277 | Robot (n) | Amount of labor landlords could demand of peasants (lessened by enlightened monarchs, e.g., Theresa) | |
| 164792278 | Josephinism (n) | Secular religious policies of Joseph II that anticipated the church reforms of French Revolutionaries | |
| 164792279 | Estates General (n) | Medieval financial institution called to assembly by Louis XVI (last convened in 1614) | |
| 164792280 | Gabelle (n) | French tax on salt | |
| 164792281 | Corvee (n) | Peasants' obligatory labor services converted into money payments to increase national revenue | |
| 164792282 | Third Estate (n) | "Commoners" not in the First Estate (clergy) or Second Estate (aristocrats) | |
| 164792283 | Cahiers de Doleances (n) | Lists of grievances registered by local electors to be presented to Louis XVI | |
| 164792284 | Bastille (n) | Prison in Paris that became the first site of the French Revolution | |
| 164792285 | The Great Fear (n) | Rural peasant uprisings that saw the burning of Chateaux (French castle) and destruction of legal documents, including feudal contracts | |
| 164792286 | Declaration of the Rights of man (n) | Based on the Declaration of Rights in Virginia, guaranteed "liberty, equality, fraternity" to French citizens | |
| 164792287 | Active Citizen (n) | Voters - men paying annual taxes equal to 3 days labor | |
| 164792288 | Declaration of the Rights of Woman (n) | Composed by Olympe de Gouges to demand that the freedoms given to man by the revolution be extended to women | |
| 164792289 | Departements (n) | Replaced the parlements as local administrations | |
| 164792290 | Chepelier Law (n) | Forbade workers' unions and made peasants and workers subject to the forces of laissez-faire | |
| 164792291 | Assignats (n) | Govt bonds backed by the sale of church property | |
| 164792292 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy (n) | Transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the secular state (similar to Josephinism in Austria) | |
| 164792293 | Refractory (adj) | Disobedient, non-compliant | |
| 164792294 | Declaration of Pillnitz (n) | Declaration by Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia that promised Austrian-Prussian intervention if harm came to the royal family in France | |
| 164792295 | Jacobins (n) | Dominant political group in National Constituent Assembly (factionalized into Girondists and Mountain) | |
| 164792296 | Sans-culottes (n) | "Without breeches"; radical lower-class citizen seeking reform | |
| 164792297 | Reign of Terror (n) | Brutal policy that tried and executed anyone suspected of subverting the revolution and its principles (Republic of Virtue) | |
| 164792298 | Levee en Masse (n) | Universal conscription into the revolutionary military (or its institution) | |
| 164792299 | "Cult of the Supreme Being" (n) | Robespierre's short lived Deistic cult that used Rousseau's ideals to preach a civic religion that would force morality among citizens (Republic of Virtue) | |
| 164792300 | Thermidorian Reaction (n) | Moderation of the revolution on 9 Thermidor to restore stability to the French state | |
| 164792301 | Directory (n) | Bicameral legislature consisting of Council of Elders and Council of Five Hundred (followed Revolutionary Republic) | |
| 164792302 | Coup d'etat (n) | Sudden overthrow of political order (Napoleon v. Directory) | |
| 164792303 | Treaty of Campo Formio (n) | Signed by General Napoleon, gave France much of Austria, Italy, and Switzerland | |
| 164792304 | Consulate (n) | Govt under Napoleon that effectively ended revolutionary period | |
| 164792305 | Concordat with Church (n) | Signed by Napoleon and Pope Pius VII; church recognized ideals of the revolution, surrendered lands, and turned French bishops and priests over to the state | |
| 164792306 | Confederation of the Rhine (n) | German states that withdrew from the HRE to join Napoleon's empire | |
| 164792307 | Continental System (n) | The economic system of the French empire that strove to cut Britain off from markets in Europe | |
| 164792308 | Peace of Schonbrunn (n) | Forced Austria to surrender the majority of its land and ppl to Napoleon's empire | |
| 164792309 | Grand Army (n) | Napoleon's army of 600,000 that drove across Europe to conquer Russia (failed) | |
| 164792310 | Battle of the Nations (n) | Decisive battle that Napoleon's troops lost at Leipzig and that ended w/ allied forces occupying Paris and forcing Napoleon to abdicate | |
| 164792311 | Industrial Revolution (n) | Period of sustained economic growth in Europe due to improvements in industrial technologies | |
| 164792312 | Consumer Revolution (n) | Growth in demand for goods that could be efficiently supplied | |
| 164792313 | Textiles (n) | Linens | |
| 164792314 | Steam engine (n) | Provided steady and limitless power (useful across industries) | |
| 164792315 | Artisan (n) | Skilled laborer or shopkeeper who steadily lost his business and status to the free market and explosion of industry in the 19c | |
| 164792316 | Bourgeoisie (n) | Middle-class (owners of property and of instruments of production) | |
| 164792317 | Proletariat (n) | Lower-class (laboring poor, subsistence wage-earners) | |
| 164792318 | Chartism (n) | Labor movement that demanded political and economic reforms favorable to workers | |
| 164792319 | Transportation (n) | Punitive removal (exile) | |
| 164792320 | Zollverein (n) | Free trading union in German states (state-directed economic system) | |
| 164792321 | Utilitarianism (n) | Advocated by Bentham/Mill, notion that "utility" (greatest benefit to greatest number) would balance society and end privileges for the few | |
| 164792322 | Socialism (n) | Theory that human society should be organized as a community rather than as dominated by individuals | |
| 164792323 | Anarchism (n) | Theory that society should be based on mutualism rather than run by corrupt political and economic institutions | |
| 164792324 | Marxism (n) | Scientific-historical theory based on class-conflict that foresaw the overthrow of the Bourgeoisie by the Proletariat | |
| 164792325 | Mercantilism (n) | Economic theory behind the system of acquiring colonies and that involved the heavy regulation of trade to increase the nation's wealth | |
| 164792326 | Plantation economy (n) | System of commerce and profit in the mid-Atlantic colonies based on slave labor | |
| 164792327 | Flota (n) | Spanish merchant vessels protected by warships that carried bullion from the South American colonies to Spain | |
| 164792328 | Intendants (n) | Royal bureaucrats charged w/ tax collection under Charles III of Spain | |
| 164792329 | Seasoning (n) | Initiating newly arrived Africans to the discipline and conditions of New World slavery | |
| 164792330 | Middle Passage (n) | Brutal course from Africa to the New World colonies for which Africans were stored below-deck | |
| 164792331 | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (n) | Ended the rivalries between European powers over the Austrian succession and colonial privileges between Spain and Britain | |
| 164792332 | Treaty of Paris (1763) (n) | Ended the Seven Years' War and gave Britain the majority of French New World possessions | |
| 164792333 | Intolerable Acts (n) | Acts passed to reassert the sovereignty of p'ment in the New World | |
| 164792334 | Commonwealthmen (n) | Radical British writers who preached republicanism over monarchic tyranny (popular in American colonies) | |
| 164792335 | Conservatism (n) | Prevailing political theory after the Napoleonic Era intended to preserve the monarchy, aristocracy, church | |
| 164792336 | Liberalism (n) | Political theory inspired by John Locke that favors representation and freedom of the press, speech, and religion | |
| 164792337 | Nationalism (n) | Political theory most popular in weak or divided states (Poland, Germany, Italy) to create a unified nation based on common language, history, and culture | |
| 164792338 | "Age of Metternich" (n) | Early 19c anti-constitutional conservative movement led by Prince Metternich of Austria to reestablish Old Regime (monarchy, aristocracy, church) | |
| 164792339 | Burschenschaften (n) | Student-led nationalist clubs in Germany | |
| 164792340 | Carlsbad Decrees (n) | Dissolved the student groups, censored the press, and reasserted absolutism over constitutionalism | |
| 164792341 | Six Acts (n) | Repressive measures in Britain like Carlsbad Decrees to prevent radical leaders from agitating against authorities ("Peterloo") | |
| 164792342 | Concert of Europe (n) | Arrangement by European powers to maintain balance of powers and resolve mutual foreign policy issues after Congress of Vienna | |
| 164792343 | Protocol of Troppeau (n) | Declaration that stable govts may intervene to restore order in countries in revolt | |
| 164792344 | "The Eastern Question" (n) | Does the Protocol of Troppeau apply to the Ottoman Empire? (No.) | |
| 164792345 | Junta (n) | Political committees under the creoles that claimed the right to govern different regions of Latin America during the Napoleonic Era | |
| 164792346 | Decembrist Revolt (n) | Liberal Rebellion by troops following the ascension of Tsar Nicholas I that led to repressive measures in Russia | |
| 164792347 | Autocracy (n) | Absolute and unrestrained power of the tsar or king | |
| 164792348 | Four Ordinances (n) | Repressive measures issued by Charles X of France that led to his own exile and a liberal revolution in 1830 | |
| 164792349 | Catholic Emancipation Act (n) | Act passed in Britain to avoid civil war in Ireland that allowed Roman Catholics to become members of p'ment | |
| 164792350 | Great Reform Bill (1832) (n) | Compromise between conservative and liberal forces in Britain that expanded suffrage (voting power) for property holders and property qualifications in Britain and Ireland | |
| 164792367 | National Assembly (n) | Liberal provisional govt that sought to create a republican constitution, but failed to address needs of workers (though it created national "workshops") | |
| 164792368 | Second Republic (n) | Removed Louis-Philippe and est'd the popular Louis Napoleon as the first modern dictator | |
| 164792369 | Voix des femmes (n) | ("The Women's Voice") A female-run paper that inspired women's clubs in France to agitate for equal rights | |
| 164792370 | Emancipation (n) | Liberation (of the serfs) | |
| 164792371 | Magyarization (n) | Nationalist movement to create a Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains, which met fierce resistance by other nationalist groups | |
| 164792372 | Pan-Slavism (n) | Idea of a vast east European Slavic nation or federation that Russia would champion in the 20c | |
| 164792373 | Frankfurt Parliament (n) | Failed p'ment whose goal was to create a liberal constitution for a united Germany | |
| 164792374 | Treaty of Paris (n) | Concluded the Crimean War and forced Russia to concede lands and people in the Ottoman Empire | |
| 164792375 | Young Turks (n) | Reformist officers who sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire, which collapsed under their influence in WWI | |
| 164792376 | Romantic Republics (n) | Italian nationalists under Mazzini and Garibaldi who wanted independence from Austria and to unify Italy | |
| 164792377 | North German Confederation (n) | Conglomerate of German States under Prussia that rules by a king (Bismarck) and a legislature | |
| 164792378 | Realpolitik (n) | Bismarck's use of subterfuge and force to accomplish unification in Germany (like Machiavelli) (Bismarck = "Iron and Blood") | |
| 164792379 | Paris Commune (n) | Short-lived independent govt of Paris that became legendary as a "proletarian commune" | |
| 164792380 | Third Republic (n) | French Republic est'd by National Assembly in 1875 that was marked by corruption and sleaze | |
| 164792381 | Dreyfus Affair (n) | Scandal that rocked the Third Republic and that centered on a falsely-accused Jewish officer, Dreyfus, and a popular liberal writer, Zola | |
| 164792382 | Augsleisch (n) | Compromise of 1867 that est'd a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary in the Habsburg Empire | |
| 164792383 | Zemstvos (n) | Country councils in Russia responsible for local administration | |
| 164792384 | Populism (n) | Radical student movement inspired by Alexander Herzen that sought a social revolution based on the lives of peasants (Land & Freedom Society) | |
| 164792385 | The People's Will (n) | Russian organization dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy under Tsar Alexander II | |
| 164792386 | Second Reform Act (1867) (n) | Doubled the franchise to incorporate most of the male working class under Prime Minister Disraeli | |
| 164792387 | Irish Question (n) | Issue over home rule for Ireland that divided British p'ment in late 19c | |
| 164792388 | Putting-out system (n) | Alternative name for cottage industry in which manufacturer provides material and work sells labor | |
| 164792389 | Cult of domesticity (n) | Middle class ideal of woman's role in the home ("angel in the house") and withdrawal from public sphere | |
| 164792390 | Suffragettes (n) | Women who lobbied publicly for the vote and who turned into militant vandals under Emmeline Pankhurst | |
| 164792391 | Pogroms (n) | Govt-sponsored raids on Jewish communities in Eastern Europe | |
| 164792392 | Anti-Semitism (n) | Anti-Jewish policy that rose in Europe as a result of nationalism | |
| 164792393 | Trade-unionism (n) | Movement that organized unions to advocate for workers' rights | |
| 164792394 | Democracy (n) | Govt by the people (universal suffrage) | |
| 164792395 | Fabianism (n) | Influential British socialist movement that focused on collective ownership and state direction of production (gas-and-water socialism) | |
| 164792396 | Opportunism (n) | Pejorative term referring to the participation in traditional party politics and cabinets by socialists | |
| 164792397 | Erfurt Program (n) | Socialist program under Bebel and Kautsky that sought revolution through legal political participation in the German Empire (SPD - German Social Democratic Party) | |
| 164792398 | Relativity (n) | Einstein's theory that time and space exist as a combined continuum | |
| 164792399 | Realism/ Naturalism (n) | Cultural movement that used scientific observation to expose the harsh realities of life (anti-Romanticism) | |
| 164792400 | Modernism (n) | Cultural movement that sought to break traditional forms and create new ones (shocked middle-class sensibilities) | |
| 164792401 | Overman/ Ubermensch (n) | The resurrection of the Greek hero as the human ideal to replace God and institutions of power | |
| 164792402 | Zionism (n) | Herzl's movement to est. An independent Jewish state in Palestine (Israel) | |
| 164792403 | Feminism (n) | Theory that women should be equal to men in politics, economics, and society | |
| 164792404 | Imperialism (n) | Extending a nation's hegemony (influence) over other nations in some way (social, political, cultural, economy) | |
| 164792405 | Imperial free trade (n) | Growing out of laissez-faire, free traders argued against govt regulation of international trade | |
| 164792406 | "The Civilizing Mission" (n) | Imperial policy to westernize non-western nations and by doing so they improve them | |
| 164792407 | Protectorate (n) | Undeveloped nation overseen or "protected" by foreign diplomats who work for a western empire | |
| 164792408 | Sphere of Influence (n) | Extending hegemony (influence) over and receiving special privileges in an undeveloped nation | |
| 164792409 | Civilizing mission (n) | Duty of white, western people to uplift and Christianize others | |
| 164792410 | Entente (n) | Agreement | |
| 164792411 | Indirect Rule (n) | Method of controlling a colony and avoiding rebellion by establishing local, native administrators ("mimic men") | |
| 164792412 | Great Trek (n) | Movement by Dutch settlers in S. Africa into the north and east parts of the Cape (led to Afrikaner nationalism) | |
| 164792413 | Boer (n) | Dutch S. African or Afrikaner who created several republics | |
| 164792414 | Apartheid (n) | Racial segregation in British-controlled S. Africa (ended in 1990s) | |
| 164792415 | Panther (n) | German gunboat stationed in Morocco to protect German colonial interests that was the breaking point between England and Germany | |
| 164792416 | Black Hand (n) | Terrorist society in Serbia that was responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand | |
| 164792417 | Triple Entente (n) | Alliance between France, Britain, and Russia to check German ambitions | |
| 164792418 | Schlieffen Plan (n) | Smooth and efficient German strategy to defeat France that led to world war and German defeat | |
| 164792419 | Lusitania (n) | British steam liner that was destroyed by German U-boats, causing 1200 casualties (10% American) | |
| 164792420 | Kulak (n) | Land-owning peasant farmer in Russia | |
| 164792421 | Bolshevik (n) | Majority party that supported Lenin's ideal of non-democratic professionals leading the revolution | |
| 164792422 | Menshevik (n) | Minority party that supported the notion of democracy as the means to legal revolution | |
| 164792423 | Soviets (n) | Russian worker groups that took over St. Petersburg in the months after "Bloody Sunday" | |
| 164792424 | Duma (n) | Bicameral Russian p'ment under Nicholas II | |
| 164792425 | Red Russians (n) | Bolsheviks who supported the revolution of 1917 (backed by Lenin and Trotsky) | |
| 164792426 | White Russians (n) | Mensheviks who opposed the revolution | |
| 164792427 | Fourteen Points (n) | Woodrow Wilson's peace proposal that included open diplomacy, national self-determination, and the founding of the League of Nations | |
| 164792428 | Armistice (n) | Truce (temporary agreement) | |
| 164792429 | Mandate (n) | Former imperial territories administered by Allied states within the League of Nations (ruled like colonies) | |
| 164792430 | League of Nations (n) | Body of sovereign states that agreed to pursue common policies for their mutual interests (Allies and Japan) | |
| 164792431 | Reparations (n) | Money Germany promised to pay to the Allies for loss of civilian life and property | |
| 164792432 | War Guilt Clause (n) | Made Germany solely responsible for the damages inflicted in WWI (cause of Germany resentment) | |
| 164792433 | War Communism (n) | Bolshevik "economic policy" during the Civil War that witnessed the seizure of all private businesses to fund the Red Army | |
| 164792434 | New Economic Policy (n) | Transformation of Russian landscape into private farms for peasants ("Peace, Bread, Land") and small businesses for proletariat | |
| 164792435 | Third International (Comintern) (n) | Established by Lenin and Bolsheviks to spread communism outside the Soviet Union (destruction of democratic socialism for "Menshevism") | |
| 164792436 | Collectivization (n) | Reversal of the New Economic Policy under Stalin that witnessed the replacement of private farms w/ state-owned "collectives" (kulaks were removed/killed) | |
| 164792437 | Fascism (n) | Anti-democratic, anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, nationalist, authoritarian policy originating in Italy | |
| 164792438 | Duce (n) | Leader of the first fascist group in Italy (Fasci di Combattimento), Mussolini, who was appointed Victor Emmanuel II's prime minister after terrorizing his govt | |
| 164792439 | Lateran Accord (n) | Agreement between Mussolini and the Vatican that settled differences between church and "unified" Italy | |
| 164792440 | Locarno Agreement (n) | Proposed by Germany, it made a settled peace between Germany, Britain, and France and renegotiated the reparations (gave Germany a "fresh start") | |
| 164792441 | Fuhrer (n) | Hitler, the sole ruler, made possible by existing constitutional law and the death of President Hindenburg | |
| 164792442 | Article 48 (n) | Enabled Prez of Germany to rule by decree, to suspend civil liberties, and to prosecute alleged political enemies | |
| 164792443 | SS (n) | Security unites under Himmler that carried out blood purges in Germany | |
| 164792444 | Nuremburg Laws (n) | Anti-Semitic laws that denied Jews citizenship and legal protection | |
| 164792445 | Kristallnacht (n) | The sacking of Jewish property, businesses, synagogues by Nazis in 11/1938 | |
| 164792446 | Volk (n) | The German ppl and the "center" of Hitler's policies (strengthen and preserve) | |
| 164792447 | Lebensraum (n) | German "living space"; the idea that the German ppl needed more space to live (Austria and Slavic states) | |
| 164792448 | Axis (n) | Alliance between Germany and Italy after Italy was punished by the League of Nations for attacking free Ethiopia | |
| 164792449 | Annex (v) | To conquer and attach another land to one's own (Anschluss) | |
| 164792450 | Falangists (n) | Radical right-wing supporters of Francisco Franco who led a coup against the popular front in Spain that became civil war | |
| 164792451 | Nazi-Soviet Pact (n) | "Secret" agreement between Germany and Soviet Union that divided Poland between them and allowed SU to retake Baltic States | |
| 164792452 | Blitzkrieg (n) | Lightning warfare; German offensive strategy to conserve resources and maximize damage to targets (criticized as "Sitzkrieg" or "phony war") | |
| 164792453 | Luftwaffe (n) | German air force (bomber planes) employed in the Battle of Britain | |
| 164792454 | Operation Barbarossa (n) | German strategy to invade the Soviet Union; severed ties between Hitler and Stalin, who joined Allies | |
| 164792455 | Third Reich (n) | Hitler's German Empire that he foretold would last for 1000 years | |
| 164792456 | Uttermensch (n) | Subhuman; name Hitler gave groups (Slavs, Jews) he deemed inferior to Ubermensch | |
| 164792457 | Judenrein (n) | "Free of Jews"; Hitler's "final solution of the Jewish problem" in Europe | |
| 164792458 | Holocaust (n) | The systematic extermination of six million Jews in Central Europe | |
| 164792459 | Propaganda (n) | Falsified depictions of nation and men at war to rally morale at home | |
| 164792460 | Vichy (n) | Ultraconservative dictatorship under Petain in southern France that cooperated w/ Nazi policies to keep autonomy (independence) | |
| 164792461 | Free French (n) | Growing resistance movement against Germany and Vichy organized by exiles in Britain and the French colonies | |
| 164792462 | "The Great Patriotic War" (n) | Propagandistic name Stalin gave WWII to boost nationalism and silence Marxists | |
| 164792463 | Atlantic Charter (n) | Agreement between Roosevelt (U.S.) and Churchill (U.K.) to support the Fourteen points after the war and to invite Soviet Union into alliance on the basis of military strategy alone | |
| 164792464 | Tehran (n) | 1st meeting between U.S., U.K., S.U. (Big Three: FDR, Churchill, Stalin); agreement to open a 2nd front in France (gave S.U. control of Eastern Front) | |
| 164792465 | Yalta (n) | 2nd meeting between Big Three; agreement that Russia should enter war on Pacific Front against Japan and to est. A United Nations | |
| 164792466 | Potsdam (n) | Final meeting between Big Three (Truman, Attlee, Stalin); agreement to divide Germany in 4 occupation zones and to divide East Prussia between Poland and Russia | |
| 164792467 | Containment (n) | American policy against the Soviet Union to curb the spread of communism | |
| 164792468 | Truman Doctrine (n) | President Truman's policy to provide aid to "free people" resisting "subjugation" by the Soviet Union | |
| 164792469 | Marshall Plan (n) | Program by which the U.S. offered aid to European nations provided that this money was used for their mutual benefit (Soviet Union and satellites rejected the plan) | |
| 164792470 | Cominform (n) | Communist Information Bureau dedicated to spreading revolutionary communism worldwide (formerly the Comintern or Communist International) | |
| 164792471 | NATO (n) | Union of nations on both sides of the Atlantic committed to mutual defense | |
| 164792472 | Warsaw Pact (n) | Soviet version of NATO in Eastern Europe | |
| 164792473 | Balfour Declaration (n) | British decree during WWI that Jews should be allowed to est. A national home in Palestine; Israel was recognized by Truman in 1948 | |
| 164792474 | People's Republic of China (n) | Mao's communist regime in China that emerged after WWII | |
| 164792475 | Secret Speech (n) | Khrushchev's remarkable denunciation of Stalin's reign of terror | |
| 164792476 | Sputnik (n) | 1st satellite to orbit the earth, launched by Soviet Union in 1957 | |
| 164792477 | Berlin Wall (n) | Concrete divider between the Capitalist democratic West and Communist totalitarian East in Berlin | |
| 164792478 | Cuban Missile Crisis (n) | Buildup of nuclear arms in Cuba by the Soviet Union in 1962 | |
| 164792479 | Brezhnev Doctrine (n) | Declared the right of the Soviet Union to interfere in the policies of communist governments | |
| 164792480 | Decolonization (n) | European withdrawal from the colonies, producing social, economic, and political instability in the post-colony | |
| 164792481 | Passive Resistance (n) | Based on the writings of Thoreau, Gandhi spread his ideology to break the British colonial hold on India | |
| 164792482 | Pied Noirs (n) | "Black feet"; derogatory name given to ppl of French descent in N. Africa after WWII | |
| 164792483 | National Liberation Front (n) | Militant Algerian resistance movement against the French | |
| 164792484 | Perestroika (n) | Economic "restructuring" under Gorbachev that advocated privatization and liberalization of the economy | |
| 164792485 | Glasnost (n) | Political "openness" under Gorbachev that saw the birth of democratic government in the Soviet Union; primary reason for its collapse | |
| 164792486 | Commonwealth of Independent States (n) | Name of Soviet Union under Boris Yeltsin and that witnessed the death of political Communism | |
| 164792487 | Russian Federation (n) | Name of S.U. under Putin | |
| 164792488 | Oligarchy (n) | Govt ruled by the wealthy; derogatory name given to Yeltsin's Commonwealth and that Putin dismantled | |
| 164792489 | Radical Islamism (n) | Minority sect of Islam that is nationalist, anti-Western, anti-Secular (aka "fundamentalism" or "reformism") | |
| 164792490 | Jihad (n) | Struggle; often interpreted as "religious war" (enemies: Russia, U.S.) | |
| 164792491 | Taliban (n) | Political Islamic nationalistic group that took control of Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal | |
| 164792492 | Displacement (n) | Forced removal from home through war, persecution, or policy | |
| 164792493 | Welfare State (n) | State structure based on socialist principles that provides social insurance (health, unemployment, retirement) to all citizens | |
| 164792494 | Existentialism (n) | Anti-rational intellectual movement that attacks structures of power as guiding our thinking and that demands free action: man is the sum of his actions | |
| 164792495 | Americanization (n) | Pejorative term to describe the corporate U.S. colonization of Europe | |
| 164792496 | Green Movement (n) | Anti-capitalist, anti-industrial environmentalist movement that originated among radical German student groups in the 1960s and inspired conservatism abroad | |
| 164792497 | Vatican II (n) | Catholic reform program under Pope John XXIII that fostered religious tolerance and relationships w/ former European colonies | |
| 164792498 | European Economic Community (n) | Formed by the Coal and Steal Community, the EEC brought economic unity, capital freedoms, and social benefits for workers to Europe | |
| 164792499 | European Union (n) | Name of EEC as of 1993 that witnessed that development of the European economy and creation of the Euro currency |
