Terms : Hide Images
| involves processing nutrients to 1)transform energy to use for cellular work and 2)build cellular components. | ||
| exchange with the environment. | ||
| sum of all the chemical reactions of organism. | ||
| occur at the cellular level; rearrangements of atoms. | ||
| breaking down of complex molecules. (bonds broken, energy released) | ||
| building of complex molecules from smaller components. (bonds formed, energy input) | ||
| bonds are broken, energy released. | ||
| bonds are formed, energy input. | ||
| series of chemical reactions. (2 types: anabolic/catabolic) | ||
| any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. | ||
| organic catalysts utilized by biological systems to increase the rate of metabolic reactions. (made of protein) | ||
| enzymes exhibit to substrate and fit together like lock and key. | ||
| neither reactants nor products of chemical reactions and not permanently altered by the reaction. | ||
| the initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction. (barrier that prevents the reaction from proceeding) | ||
| binding to substrate lowers the energy barrier and allows the reaction to proceed at a higher rate. | ||
| enzymes are delicate and will unravel or change shape when exposed to harsh environmental conditions. (heat, pH, chemicals, radiation, etc.) | ||
| results in loss of function; destroys metabolism and catalytic function. | ||
| temperature in which enyzme can function. | ||
| consists of protein only. | ||
| conjugated enzymes that contain protein and nonprotein molecules. | ||
| protein portion of holoenzyme. | ||
| nonprotein portion of holoenzyme. (metallic cofactors or coenzymes) | ||
| inorganic molecules; minerals - iron, copper, magnesium. | ||
| organic molecules; vitamins. (derivative of NIACIN - NAD) | ||
| breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals; breaks down host tissues, facilitates invasion. (transported extracellularly) | ||
| internal metabolic functions; retained intracellularly. | ||
| 1)cellulase 2)amylase 3)penicillinase 4)keratinase | ||
| 1)catalase 2)oxidase 3)reductase | ||
| adds electrons (and hydrogen) to oxygen. | ||
| reduces (ex. nitrate to nitrite) | ||
| breaks down hydrogen peroxide. | ||
| degrades wood, converts to cellulose. | ||
| breaks down starch. | ||
| oxidation reduction reaction. | ||
| synthesis (ex. DNA) | ||
| enzyme that hydrolizes peptide bonds of a protein. | ||
| digests fats and lipids. | ||
| the ability exoenzymes have to cause harm and contribute to pathogenicity. | ||
| 1)helping bacteria avoid host defense 2)assisting in invasion of tissues and promoting multiplication 3)toxic effect on host cells (exotoxins) | ||
| streptokinase - digests blood clots, helps invade wounds. | ||
| electase, collagenase - breakdown proteins in connective tissue and assist in invasion of tissues. | ||
| lipase - damages cell membranes, cell lysis and results in necrosis of tissues. | ||
| exoenzyme that inactivates penicillin. (example of virulence factor) | ||
| catabolism of glucose. | ||
| energy captured and transferred to ATP. | ||
| chemical energy released when bonds broken. | ||
| oxygen is a reactant in the overall pathway and it functions as final electron acceptor. | ||
| uses inorganic molecule (not O2) (some bacteria use nitrate or sulfate) | ||
| uses organic molecule in place of oxygen. | ||
| oxidation is lost; reduction is gained. | ||
| role is to capture and deliver electrons during REDOX. | ||
| coenzyme, carrier of electrons. (oxidized form after losing electron) | ||
| strongest oxidizing agent, picks up electrons. | ||
| glucose + O2 --> 6 CO2 + H2O + ATP | ||
| breaks down carbons as oxygen pulls electrons --> produces H2O + ATP | ||
| 1)release energy 2)carbon made available | ||
| involved in extracting and harvesting energy from cellular fuel. | ||
| first stage of respiratory pathway in aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation. | ||
| glucose is converted to pyruvate. | ||
| organic molecule used in fermentation. | ||
| converted to lactic acid (C3) or ethanol (C2 + CO2). | ||
| occurs in mitochondria. | ||
| occurs in cytoplasm, produces pyruvate. | ||
| reduction reaction in which electrons are transferred O2 --> H2O. (ex. Pseudomonas- aerobe) | ||
| detoxifies H2O2 --> H2O + O2. (Staphylococcus is cat + ; Streptooccus, Enterococcus are cat -) | ||
| reduction reaction that transfers electrons NO3 --> NO2 + H2O . (ex. E. coli) | ||
| further reduction to release N2 (nitrogen gas) (ex. Pseudomonas) | ||
| some bacteria reduce SO4 to H2S. (proteus) | ||
| alternate catabolic pathway utilized by some organisms in the absence of oxygen. | ||
| glucose + NAD+ + 2 ATP --> Pyruvate + NADH + 4ATP | ||
| NADH + Pyruvate --> NAD+ + ethanol + CO2 | ||
| glucose is oxidized at higher rate, low yield. | ||
| produces 2 ATP. | ||
| produces 2 ATP. | ||
| produces 32 to 34 ATP. | ||
| altogether produces 36 to 38 ATP. (prokaryotes may be higher) | ||
| produces 2 ATP. | ||
| ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced. (yeasts) | ||
| yields organic acids. (homolactic or heterolactic) | ||
| lactic acid only, bacteria like. (ex. Streptococcus, Lactobacillus - souring of milk - lactose is fermented) | ||
| lactic acid, acetic acid, CO2 - fermentation of glucose. | ||
| enzymes that can simultaneously produce many different acids. | ||
| produce intestinal gases. (CO2 and H2) | ||
| important metabolite, product of glycolysis, used to make many molecules - biosynthetic pathways. | ||
| results in regulation of metabolism. | ||
| 1)enzyme activity may be blocked by competition for active site 2)enzymes may be switched on or off by regulatory molecules 3)enzyme production may be induced by substrate | ||
| always present, produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate present. | ||
| not constantly present, production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate. | ||
| cause either induction or repression of synthesis of enzymes. | ||
| does not produce enzyme for which no substrate is available. | ||
| build up of product represses enzyme synthesis. |
