ch1 - history of microbiology
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| 3006446017 | Define Microbiology | study of very small living things | 0 | |
| 3006446018 | Name the types of microorganisms | *BACTERIA* *FUNGI* *PROTOZOA* *VIRUSES* | 1 | |
| 3006446019 | Define bacteria | tiny microorganism, smallest types of cells (living), cell structure is different, simple, multiply so fast 20-30 min, population doubles | 2 | |
| 3006446020 | Define fungi | large microorganism able to enough to see, each cell is microscopic like hairs & there are millions, grow like a hair mass of type of cells, yeast is a single cell fungi (mold) | 3 | |
| 3006446021 | Define protozoa | in water & soil environments, this is why we treat our water | 4 | |
| 3006446022 | Define Viruses | so different, the tiniest, but are NOT living. Some fatal pathogens | 5 | |
| 3006446023 | Out of 20 billion trillion microorganisms, how many are pathogens and how many are harmless | 3% pathogens 97% harmless | 6 | |
| 3006446024 | ubiquitous nature of microorganisms are found ________ | everywhere | 7 | |
| 3006446025 | harmful activities of microorganisms | *disease*- this is why we have the medical field *unwanted decay/decomposition*- rain & spoil (microorganism) like our food (bacteria, mold) | 8 | |
| 3006446026 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:photosynthesis/release of oxygen | 90 % + microorganisms oxygenate also, not just plants | 9 | |
| 3006446027 | beneficial activities of microorganisms: first step in food chains | need to keep ocean clean, its large part of our food chain | 10 | |
| 3006446028 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:nitrogen fixation | chem process, nitrogen combine w/another element making a compound Rhizobium Spp. benefits plants, bacteria & us | 11 | |
| 3006446029 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:microorganisms in gut aid digestion | corn - cannot digest (loaded with cellulose), colon has lots of bacteria, yeast, e-coli, helps digest food | 12 | |
| 3006446030 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:decay, decomposition of dead organisms | die decay is recycling nutrients which is a good thing bacteria & mold | 13 | |
| 3006446031 | colon has lots of bacteria:food production/fermentations/commercial souring | sour cream, blue cheese, sour dairy, gives some of the tastes, alcohol | 14 | |
| 3006446032 | Rhizobium Spp | bacterium which lives in the soil, invades legume roots and forms root nodules,obtains food from root cells. Symbiotic relationship in which atmospheric nitrogen is made available to the plant. | 15 | |
| 3006446033 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:antibiotics | originate from mold & bacteria, naturally produced chemicals | 16 | |
| 3006446034 | beneficial activities of microorganisms:tools for genetic engineering/DNA studies | -subjects to practice on for DNA/genetic studies -ideal tools for DNA studies, | 17 | |
| 3006446035 | Leeuwenhoek (late 1600's) | -dutch -lensmaker, eyeglasses -1st made lens & used to observe living organisims until microscopes were invented | 18 | |
| 3006446036 | Hooke (late 1600's) | -English scientist -built compound cell used it to observe the slices of cork that looked like an empty room with walls called a cell (1st time use of word) | 19 | |
| 3006446037 | Pasteur (1800's) | -named a french institute after him -one of the best microbiologist -microorganism were responsible for infection of disease -process of fermentation- beer, wine, liquor, *germ theory* of fermentation -dev process that was named after him *PASTEURIZATION* to treat grape juice (kills one organism, but not everything -father of immunolgy -1st vaccine rabbies | 20 | |
| 3006446038 | Lister (1800's) | -surgeon -proposed & started *Carbolic acid* (organic acid) known as phenol today soaked instruments, painted on cutting surface, washed hands every pt, infection rate went from 70% to 30%, known for performing *1st aseptic techniques* | 21 | |
| 3006446039 | Schleiden & Schwann/Virchow (1800's) | -German -proposed idea *all living things are made of cells called cell theory* -part II to cell theory- all cells come from other cells | 22 | |
| 3006446040 | Jenner (later 1700's) | -laid down the beginning -England country dr -vaccinated his son with cow pox which helped with small pox therefor *"1st vaccination"* | 23 | |
| 3006446041 | Erlich (1910) | immunology/chemotherapy -Victorian times German dr -many pt w/syphilis (fatal) -1st antimicrobial drug (w/arsonic) only worked on that one bacteria | 24 | |
| 3006446042 | chemotherapy defined | anytime you take antibiotics, medicine and so on | 25 | |
| 3006446043 | Flemming (1900's) | -British -biggest discovery is medicine by accidentally -noticed there was no infection around mold, *1st natural antibiotic penicillin* | 26 | |
| 3006446044 | Domagk (1920's) | -came up with mixture of chemicals that killed the bacteria w/o killing the hoste called sulfamilamide (sulfa drugs) in WW II (1st war soldiers died from wounds and in infections) | 27 | |
| 3006446045 | light microscopes | use visible light | 28 | |
| 3006446046 | simple light microscopes | one lens | 29 | |
| 3006446047 | compound light microscopes | set of lenses | 30 | |
| 3006446048 | light compound *brightfield* microscopes | -what we use in lab -can only see RBC's w/o stain -can see dead stained organisms or live ones -background bright & specimen in dark -only useful w/light sensitive organisms -dark objects are visible against bright backgrounds and lights reflected off specimen doesnt enter objective lens, condenser focuses light | 31 | |
| 3006446049 | light compound *darkfield* microscopes | -dark field illumination has condenser that prevents light from being transmitted thru specimen but instead lights reflect off specimen at an ANGLE then a light object to be seen on the background -able to motion -special condenser blocks light that would enter the objective lens directly. | 32 | |
| 3006446050 | light compound *phase-contrast* microscope | -Uses optics based on light diffraction -transparent biological structures appear dark. -This is good for unstained live specimens -detailed observation of internal structure of living unstained organisms -use visible light, plus phase shifting plate w/special condenser | 33 | |
| 3006446051 | light compound *fluorescent* microscopes | -UV lights is used to excite molecule -detection of organisms abitbodys in clinical specimens -a type of microscopy that exposes a specimen to light of a specific wavelength and then forms an image from the fluorescent light produced; usually the specimen is stained with a fluorescent dye (fluorochrome). | 34 | |
| 3006446052 | electron *scanning* microscopes | -used to create images of the surfaces of specimens -see molecules and indv atoms -3D views -views of exterior cells & internal surfaces -20nm -50,000x | 35 | |
| 3006446053 | electron *transmission* miscroscopes | -gives better view internal structure of microbes -very short wavelength -speciman must be embedded in a block of plastic & cut with glass or diamond knife -1 nm -500,000x -examine thin sections of cells, internal structure, exterior of cells or viruses -see molecules & indv atoms | 36 | |
| 3006446054 | Why do we use stains? | -make microorganisms stand out against backgrounds -help investigators group major categories of microorganisms | 37 | |
| 3006446055 | What are stains used for and how do they work? | a stain or dye is a molecule that binds to a structure and gives it color | 38 | |
| 3006446056 | simple stains | -only 1 dye -reveals basic cell shapes & cell arrangements -show sizes, shapes & arrangements | 39 | |
| 3006446057 | Most stains are ____________ or __________ dyes such as methylene blue. Why? | -cationic (pos charge) & Anionic (neg charge) -because most bacterial surfaces are neg charged & they are attracted to it | 40 | |
| 3006446058 | differential stains | -use 2 or more dyes -distinguish between 2 different parts of organism | 41 | |
| 3006446059 | differential stains:*gram* | -most used -discovered by a Danish phy Hans Christian Gram (1884) -Differential staining procedure that allows categorization of bacteria into two groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on their ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic solvent such as ethanol. | 42 | |
| 3006446060 | differential stains:*acid-fast* | -has Carbonifuchism & appear red -distinguishes gene of bacteria -a staining procedure for identifying bacteria with a waxy cell wall -Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain is a modification of a staining method -developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1882 | 43 | |
| 3006446061 | special stains *negative* | -color background around cells & their parts which resist taking up stain -a staining procedure in which a dye is used to make the background dark while the specimen is unstained, used for capsules. | 44 | |
| 3006446062 | special stains *capsule* | - capsule is a layer of polysaccha- ride material that surrounds many bacterial cells and can act as a barrier to host defense mechanisms -repels stain | 45 | |
| 3006446063 | special stains *endospore* | -requires heat like acid-fast staining to drive dye into the target | 46 | |
| 3006446064 | special stains:*flagella* | -add layers of dye or metal to the surface of flagella to make those surfaces more visible | 47 |
