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Microbiolgy Flashcards

ch1 - history of microbiology

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3006446017Define Microbiologystudy of very small living things0
3006446018Name the types of microorganisms*BACTERIA* *FUNGI* *PROTOZOA* *VIRUSES*1
3006446019Define bacteriatiny microorganism, smallest types of cells (living), cell structure is different, simple, multiply so fast 20-30 min, population doubles2
3006446020Define fungilarge microorganism able to enough to see, each cell is microscopic like hairs & there are millions, grow like a hair mass of type of cells, yeast is a single cell fungi (mold)3
3006446021Define protozoain water & soil environments, this is why we treat our water4
3006446022Define Virusesso different, the tiniest, but are NOT living. Some fatal pathogens5
3006446023Out of 20 billion trillion microorganisms, how many are pathogens and how many are harmless3% pathogens 97% harmless6
3006446024ubiquitous nature of microorganisms are found ________everywhere7
3006446025harmful activities of microorganisms*disease*- this is why we have the medical field *unwanted decay/decomposition*- rain & spoil (microorganism) like our food (bacteria, mold)8
3006446026beneficial activities of microorganisms:photosynthesis/release of oxygen90 % + microorganisms oxygenate also, not just plants9
3006446027beneficial activities of microorganisms: first step in food chainsneed to keep ocean clean, its large part of our food chain10
3006446028beneficial activities of microorganisms:nitrogen fixationchem process, nitrogen combine w/another element making a compound Rhizobium Spp. benefits plants, bacteria & us11
3006446029beneficial activities of microorganisms:microorganisms in gut aid digestioncorn - cannot digest (loaded with cellulose), colon has lots of bacteria, yeast, e-coli, helps digest food12
3006446030beneficial activities of microorganisms:decay, decomposition of dead organismsdie decay is recycling nutrients which is a good thing bacteria & mold13
3006446031colon has lots of bacteria:food production/fermentations/commercial souringsour cream, blue cheese, sour dairy, gives some of the tastes, alcohol14
3006446032Rhizobium Sppbacterium which lives in the soil, invades legume roots and forms root nodules,obtains food from root cells. Symbiotic relationship in which atmospheric nitrogen is made available to the plant.15
3006446033beneficial activities of microorganisms:antibioticsoriginate from mold & bacteria, naturally produced chemicals16
3006446034beneficial activities of microorganisms:tools for genetic engineering/DNA studies-subjects to practice on for DNA/genetic studies -ideal tools for DNA studies,17
3006446035Leeuwenhoek (late 1600's)-dutch -lensmaker, eyeglasses -1st made lens & used to observe living organisims until microscopes were invented18
3006446036Hooke (late 1600's)-English scientist -built compound cell used it to observe the slices of cork that looked like an empty room with walls called a cell (1st time use of word)19
3006446037Pasteur (1800's)-named a french institute after him -one of the best microbiologist -microorganism were responsible for infection of disease -process of fermentation- beer, wine, liquor, *germ theory* of fermentation -dev process that was named after him *PASTEURIZATION* to treat grape juice (kills one organism, but not everything -father of immunolgy -1st vaccine rabbies20
3006446038Lister (1800's)-surgeon -proposed & started *Carbolic acid* (organic acid) known as phenol today soaked instruments, painted on cutting surface, washed hands every pt, infection rate went from 70% to 30%, known for performing *1st aseptic techniques*21
3006446039Schleiden & Schwann/Virchow (1800's)-German -proposed idea *all living things are made of cells called cell theory* -part II to cell theory- all cells come from other cells22
3006446040Jenner (later 1700's)-laid down the beginning -England country dr -vaccinated his son with cow pox which helped with small pox therefor *"1st vaccination"*23
3006446041Erlich (1910)immunology/chemotherapy -Victorian times German dr -many pt w/syphilis (fatal) -1st antimicrobial drug (w/arsonic) only worked on that one bacteria24
3006446042chemotherapy definedanytime you take antibiotics, medicine and so on25
3006446043Flemming (1900's)-British -biggest discovery is medicine by accidentally -noticed there was no infection around mold, *1st natural antibiotic penicillin*26
3006446044Domagk (1920's)-came up with mixture of chemicals that killed the bacteria w/o killing the hoste called sulfamilamide (sulfa drugs) in WW II (1st war soldiers died from wounds and in infections)27
3006446045light microscopesuse visible light28
3006446046simple light microscopesone lens29
3006446047compound light microscopesset of lenses30
3006446048light compound *brightfield* microscopes-what we use in lab -can only see RBC's w/o stain -can see dead stained organisms or live ones -background bright & specimen in dark -only useful w/light sensitive organisms -dark objects are visible against bright backgrounds and lights reflected off specimen doesnt enter objective lens, condenser focuses light31
3006446049light compound *darkfield* microscopes-dark field illumination has condenser that prevents light from being transmitted thru specimen but instead lights reflect off specimen at an ANGLE then a light object to be seen on the background -able to motion -special condenser blocks light that would enter the objective lens directly.32
3006446050light compound *phase-contrast* microscope-Uses optics based on light diffraction -transparent biological structures appear dark. -This is good for unstained live specimens -detailed observation of internal structure of living unstained organisms -use visible light, plus phase shifting plate w/special condenser33
3006446051light compound *fluorescent* microscopes-UV lights is used to excite molecule -detection of organisms abitbodys in clinical specimens -a type of microscopy that exposes a specimen to light of a specific wavelength and then forms an image from the fluorescent light produced; usually the specimen is stained with a fluorescent dye (fluorochrome).34
3006446052electron *scanning* microscopes-used to create images of the surfaces of specimens -see molecules and indv atoms -3D views -views of exterior cells & internal surfaces -20nm -50,000x35
3006446053electron *transmission* miscroscopes-gives better view internal structure of microbes -very short wavelength -speciman must be embedded in a block of plastic & cut with glass or diamond knife -1 nm -500,000x -examine thin sections of cells, internal structure, exterior of cells or viruses -see molecules & indv atoms36
3006446054Why do we use stains?-make microorganisms stand out against backgrounds -help investigators group major categories of microorganisms37
3006446055What are stains used for and how do they work?a stain or dye is a molecule that binds to a structure and gives it color38
3006446056simple stains-only 1 dye -reveals basic cell shapes & cell arrangements -show sizes, shapes & arrangements39
3006446057Most stains are ____________ or __________ dyes such as methylene blue. Why?-cationic (pos charge) & Anionic (neg charge) -because most bacterial surfaces are neg charged & they are attracted to it40
3006446058differential stains-use 2 or more dyes -distinguish between 2 different parts of organism41
3006446059differential stains:*gram*-most used -discovered by a Danish phy Hans Christian Gram (1884) -Differential staining procedure that allows categorization of bacteria into two groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on their ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic solvent such as ethanol.42
3006446060differential stains:*acid-fast*-has Carbonifuchism & appear red -distinguishes gene of bacteria -a staining procedure for identifying bacteria with a waxy cell wall -Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain is a modification of a staining method -developed by Paul Ehrlich in 188243
3006446061special stains *negative*-color background around cells & their parts which resist taking up stain -a staining procedure in which a dye is used to make the background dark while the specimen is unstained, used for capsules.44
3006446062special stains *capsule*- capsule is a layer of polysaccha- ride material that surrounds many bacterial cells and can act as a barrier to host defense mechanisms -repels stain45
3006446063special stains *endospore*-requires heat like acid-fast staining to drive dye into the target46
3006446064special stains:*flagella*-add layers of dye or metal to the surface of flagella to make those surfaces more visible47

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