Microbiology A Systems Approach Ed 3
Marjorie Kelly Cowan
Terms : Hide Images
| 896689531 | Active Site (Catalytic Site) | Site where a specific substrate binds to enzyme, activating its function ☐ Works like a key entering a lock | 0 | |
| 896689532 | Aerobic Respiration | Series of reactions that convert glucose to carbon dioxide and allows the cell to recover significant ATP ☐ Requires oxygen | 1 | |
| 896689533 | Alcoholic Fermentation | Occurs in yeast or bacteria that convert pyruvic acid to ethanol ☐ Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide | 2 | |
| 896689534 | Amination | ... | 3 | |
| 896689535 | Aminotransferase | Transfers amino group | 4 | |
| 896689536 | Amphibolism | Property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cellular efficiency ☐ Usu. during Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle | 5 | |
| 896689537 | Anabolism (Biosynthesis) | Any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures ☐ Endergonic | 6 | |
| 896689538 | Anaerobic Respiration | Does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor | 7 | |
| 896689539 | Anoxygenic Photosynthesis | Form of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen ☐ Doesn't use oxygen as electron donor ☐ Found in four different bacterial groups: purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, and heliobacteria | 8 | |
| 896689540 | Apoenzyme | Protein portion of Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme) | 9 | |
| 896689541 | ATP | ... | 10 | |
| 896689542 | Beta oxidation | ... | 11 | |
| 896689543 | Carbon fixation | ... | 12 | |
| 896689544 | Catabolism | The breakdown of bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules ☐ Exergonic | 13 | |
| 896689545 | Catalysts | ... | 14 | |
| 896689546 | Chemiosmosis | A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme | 15 | |
| 896689547 | Chloroplast | ... | 16 | |
| 896689548 | Coenzymes | ... | 17 | |
| 896689549 | Cofactor | Non-protein portion of Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme) ☐ Organic Molecule (coenzyme) or Inorganic Molecule (metal ions) | 18 | |
| 896689550 | Cofactors | ... | 19 | |
| 896689551 | Competitive Inhibition | The cell supplies a molecule that resembles the enzyme's normal substrate, which then occupies and blocks the active site | 20 | |
| 896689552 | Conjugated Enzyme (Holoenzyme) | Consists of protein (Apoenzyme) and non-protein (cofactor) molecules | 21 | |
| 896689553 | Constitutive Enzyme | Always present and in relatively constant amounts | 22 | |
| 896689554 | Cytochromes | Carriers in ETC | 23 | |
| 896689555 | Decarboxylase | Removes carbon dioxide | 24 | |
| 896689556 | Dehydration Reaction | Uses ATP ☐ Links monomers ☐ Forms water | 25 | |
| 896689557 | Dehydrogenase | Transfers hydrogen from one substrate to another | 26 | |
| 896689558 | Dehydrogenation | ... | 27 | |
| 896689559 | Denaturation | The weak bonds that maintain the native shape of the Apoenzyme are broken ☐ High temp, pH ☐ Loses shape and function | 28 | |
| 896689560 | Dentrification | When enzymes can further reduce nitrite to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas | 29 | |
| 896689561 | Electron Carrier | Repeatedly accepts and releases electrons and hydrogens ☐ Most common is NAD | 30 | |
| 896689562 | Electron Transport Chain | A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP | 31 | |
| 896689563 | Endergonic | Reaction requiring input of energy to proceed | 32 | |
| 896689564 | Endergonic | Requires input of energy to start reaction | 33 | |
| 896689565 | Endoenzyme | Breaks down molecules inside of cell | 34 | |
| 896689566 | Energy of Activation | The amount of energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed | 35 | |
| 896689567 | Energy | ... | 36 | |
| 896689568 | Enzyme Induction | Increases enzyme expression | 37 | |
| 896689569 | Enzyme Repression | Decreases enzyme expression | 38 | |
| 896689570 | Enzymes | ... | 39 | |
| 896689571 | ETS | ... | 40 | |
| 896689572 | Exergonic | Energy is released during reaction | 41 | |
| 896689573 | Exergonic | Reaction which releases energy | 42 | |
| 896689574 | Exoenzyme | Breaks down molecules outside of cell | 43 | |
| 896689575 | FAD | ... | 44 | |
| 896689576 | Ferment | ... | 45 | |
| 896689577 | Fermentation | Uses only glycolysis to incompletely oxidize glucose ☐ Small energy production | 46 | |
| 896689578 | Final electron acceptor | ... | 47 | |
| 896689579 | Gluconeogenesis | Generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids The vast majority takes place in the liver and, to a smaller extent, in the cortex of kidney. This process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense exercise and is highly endergonic | 48 | |
| 896689580 | Glycolysis | First step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid | 49 | |
| 896689581 | Holoenzyme | ... | 50 | |
| 896689582 | Hydrolase | Uses water to break bonds | 51 | |
| 896689583 | Hydrolysis Reaction | Separates monomers ☐ Uses water to break it | 52 | |
| 896689584 | Induced enzymes | ... | 53 | |
| 896689585 | Krebs Cycle | Stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions | 54 | |
| 896689586 | Labile | When enzymes are subjected to changes in normal conditions and become unstable | 55 | |
| 896689587 | Ligase | Forms bonds using ATP | 56 | |
| 896689588 | Light Dependent Reaction | Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH | 57 | |
| 896689589 | Light Independent Reaction | Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light ☐ Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar ☐ Also called the Calvin Cycle | 58 | |
| 896689590 | Light Reaction | The first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP ☐ Occurs in eukaryotic thylakoid, or bacterial cell membrane | 59 | |
| 896689591 | Metabolic Pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway) | 60 | |
| 896689592 | Metabolism | All the chemical and physical workings of the cell | 61 | |
| 896689593 | Metabolites | ... | 62 | |
| 896689594 | Metallic cofactors | ... | 63 | |
| 896689595 | Methyltransferase | Transfer methane | 64 | |
| 896689596 | NAD | ... | 65 | |
| 896689597 | Negative feedback | ... | 66 | |
| 896689598 | Noncompetitive Inhibition | The enzyme has two binding sites, the active and regulatory site ☐ A molecule binds to the secondary regulatory site and inhibits the functioning of the enzyme ☐ A negative feedback mechanism | 67 | |
| 896689599 | Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | Loses electrons (oxidized) or gains electrons (reduced) | 68 | |
| 896689600 | Oxidized | ... | 69 | |
| 896689601 | Oxygenic Photosynthesis | Generate oxygen as a by product after splitting water molecules to obtain electrons | 70 | |
| 896689602 | Phosphorylate | Add phosphate group ☐ energetic bond | 71 | |
| 896689603 | Phosphotransferase | Transfers phosphate group (energy) | 72 | |
| 896689604 | Photolysis | A reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons | 73 | |
| 896689605 | Photophosphorylation | Process where light reactions generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP | 74 | |
| 896689606 | Photosynthesis | ... | 75 | |
| 896689607 | Pyruvic Acid | The three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis | 76 | |
| 896689608 | Redox reactions | ... | 77 | |
| 896689609 | Reduced | ... | 78 | |
| 896689610 | Regulated Enzyme | Production is either induced or repressed in response to a change in concentration of the substrate | 79 | |
| 896689611 | Regulatory | ... | 80 | |
| 896689612 | Ribozyme | Newly found enzyme made of RNA molecules | 81 | |
| 896689613 | RuBP | ... | 82 | |
| 896689614 | Simple Enzyme | Consists of only protein | 83 | |
| 896689615 | Substrate Level Phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism | 84 | |
| 896689616 | Substrate | ... | 85 | |
| 896689617 | Transamination | Amino acids and carbohydrates are interchanged | 86 | |
| 896689618 | Virulence Factor (Toxin) | Exoenzyme secreted by pathogen that helps them avoid host defenses and promote multiplication in tissues | 87 |
