Chapter 1- Introduction to Life on Earth
Chapter 2- Atoms, Molecules, and Life
Chapter 3- Biological Molecules
Chapter 4- Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 5- Cell Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 6- Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
Terms : Hide Images
| 1211462808 | Science | organized and systematic inquiry, through observation and experiment, into the origins, structure and behavior of our living and non-living surroundings. | |
| 1211462809 | Scientific Method | A rigorous procedure for making observations of specific phenomena and searching for order underlying the phenomena. | |
| 1211462810 | Hypothesis | A purposed explanation for a set of observations. An idea on trial. Statement, not a question. | |
| 1211462811 | Deduction | Begins with a general hypothesis or known facts and creates a specific conclusion from that generalization. | |
| 1211462812 | Control Situation | All possible variables are held at a constant. Used to eliminate variables that could throw off the result. | |
| 1211462813 | Experimental Situation | One variable is manipulated to test the hypothesis to determine that this variable is the cause of an observation. | |
| 1211462814 | Theory | Answers WHY? It is much broader on scope then a hypothesis. | |
| 1211462815 | Law | Answers HOW? Generalizes a body of observations. | |
| 1211462816 | Cell | The basic unit of life. | |
| 1211462817 | Prokaryote | Simple and small. Contains no organelles ie: Bacteria | |
| 1211462818 | Eukaryote | Large and more complex. Contain organelles. Has a nucleus. ie: Human Cells | |
| 1211462819 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains all of the genetic information of all living cells. It is the chemical material for genes. BLUEPRINTS INSIDE THE CELLULAR NUCLEUS | |
| 1211462820 | Genes | Segments of DNA. Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to their offspring. | |
| 1211462821 | Genome | The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. | |
| 1211462822 | Biology | Bio- Greek meaning Life Logy- The study of | |
| 1211462823 | 6 Characterizations for Life | 1.) Acquire and and use materials and energy 2.) Actively maintain organized complexity 3.) Perceive and respond to stimuli 4.) Grow 5.) Reproduce 6.) Collectively, have the capacity to evolve | |
| 1211462824 | Evolution | the process by which organisms have descended from earlier and different forms of life | |
| 1211462825 | Populations | A group of the same type of organism inhabiting the same area | |
| 1211462826 | 3 natural processes that underlie evolution | 1.) Genetic Variation 2.) Inheritance of these differences by offspring 3.) Natural Selection | |
| 1211462827 | Mutations | Changes in genes, such as those caused by random copying errors. Can also result from damage to DNA. | |
| 1211462828 | Natural Selection | The increased ability of offspring that inherit certain forms and combinations of DNA molecules to survive and reproduce better than others in a given environment. | |
| 1211462829 | Artificial Selection | A selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; used mainly to enhance desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals; may also be used in evolutionary biology experiments. | |
| 1211462830 | Adaptations | A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to those without the trait. Both physical and behavioral!! | |
| 1211462831 | Extinction | The death of all members of a species | |
| 1211462832 | 10 Levels of Organization | 1.) Biosphere 2.)Ecosystem 3.)Community 4.) Population 5.) Multicellular organism 6.) Organs/Organ systems 7.) Tissues 8.) Cells 9.) Organelles 10.) Molecules and Atoms | |
| 1211462833 | Biosphere | All life on Earth and the non-living portions of Earth that support life | |
| 1211462834 | Ecosystem | A community together with it's non-living surroundings | |
| 1211462835 | Community | Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another | |
| 1211462836 | Population | A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding. | |
| 1211462837 | Biotic | Living | |
| 1211462838 | Abiotic | non-living | |
| 1211462839 | Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass | |
| 1211462840 | Bulk Element | Those elements that are found in the body in large amounts | |
| 1211462841 | Trace Element | Those elements that are required in small amounts in the body | |
| 1211462842 | Atom | The smallest complete unit of an element | |
| 1211462843 | Proton | A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines the element. | |
| 1211462844 | Neutron | A subatomic particle that has no charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines the isotope. | |
| 1211462845 | Electon | A subatomic particle found outside of the nucleus that has a negative charge. Outer-shell electron participate in chemical reactions and determine the chemical behavior of the atom. | |
| 1211462846 | Nucleus (atomic) | A region that is located at the center of an atom and contains most of the atom's mass | |
| 1211462847 | Atomic Number | Number of protons in an atom | |
| 1211462848 | Atomic Mass | The sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. | |
| 1211462849 | Isotopes | Atoms that have the same atomic number (# of protons) but a different atomic mass (#protons+#neutrons) | |
| 1211462850 | Electron Shell | The outer-most region of space where electrons are | |
| 1211462851 | Chemical Bonds | Hold atoms together in molecules. Atoms gain stability by bonding to have outer most electron shells full. | |
| 1211462852 | Ionic Bond | Oppositely charged ions attract each other *NOT VERY STRONG BOND* | |
| 1211462853 | Cation | An atom that losses an electron at carries a POSITIVE charge | |
| 1211462854 | Anion | An atom that gains an electron and carries a NEGATIVE charge | |
| 1211462855 | Covalent Bond | Formed when atoms share electron(s) *VERY STRONG BOND* | |
| 1211462856 | Polar Molecule | Uneven distribution of charges in a covalently-bonded molecule ie: H2O | |
| 1211462857 | Non-Polar Molecule | Evenly distribution of charges in a covalently-bonded molecule | |
| 1211462858 | Inert | An atom that WILL NOT REACT with other atoms because it's outer-most electron shell is completely full. EXTREMELY STABLE | |
| 1211462859 | Reactive | An atom that DOES REACT with other atoms because it's outer-most electron shell is not full. | |
| 1211462860 | Hydrogen Bond | The attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen located in a nearby molecule or in a another part of the same molecule. | |
| 1211462861 | Cohesion | The tendency for molecule of a single type to stick together | |
| 1211462862 | Surface Tension | The tendency for a water's surface to resist being brokes. A measure of cohesion | |
| 1211462863 | Heat | The amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in the body of matter | |
| 1211462864 | Temperature | Measures the intensity of the heat (movement of the atoms and molecules) | |
| 1211462865 | Evaporative Cooling | Removes the heat. | |
| 1211462866 | Solution | A solvent containing one or more dissolved substances | |
| 1211462867 | Solute | A substance dissolved in a solvent (powder) | |
| 1211462868 | Solvent | A substance that dissolves some other substance. It completely surrounds and disperses the individual atoms or molecules of another substance. | |
| 1211462869 | Hydrophilic | WATER-LOVING! POLAR! Pertaining to molecules that dissolve readily in water, or to molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water | |
| 1211462870 | Hydrophobic | WATER FEARING! NON-POLAR! Pertaining to molecules that do not dissolve in water or do not form hydrogen bonds with water. | |
| 1211462871 | Acid | A substance that releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water. more H+ then OH- | |
| 1211462872 | Base | A substance that combines with hydrogen ions leaving more OH- in the water | |
| 1211462873 | pH Scale | potential Hydrogen
0-6 is acidic (H+>OH-)
7 is neutral (H+=OH-)
8-14 is basic (H+| | |
| 1211462874 | Buffer | A type of molecule that tends to maintain a solution at a constant by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration | |
| 1211462875 | Molecular Formula | Represents the number of types of atom molecules ie: C9H8O4 (aspirin) | |
| 1211462876 | Structural Formula | Can be used to show what molecules look like (picture) | |
| 1211462877 | Molecule | A particle composed of one or more atoms and held together by chemical bonds; The smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound. | |
| 1211462878 | Compound | Multiple molecules combined | |
| 1211462879 | Chemical Reactions | A process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together in molecules | |
| 1211462880 | Reactants | A atom or molecule that is used up in a chemical reaction to form a product | |
| 1211462881 | Product | An atom or molecule that is formed from reactants and the chemical reaction | |
| 1211462882 | Decomposition Reaction | Large molecule broken down into smaller ones AB=>A+B | |
| 1211462883 | Exchange Recation | Molecules change places AB+CD=>AD+CB | |
| 1211462884 | Reversible Reactions | A+B<=>AB | |
| 1211462885 | Catalyst | DOESN'T GET CONSUMED! A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process; lowers the activation energy of a reaction | |
| 1211462886 | Organic Molecule | Molecules that have a Carbon backbone and Hydrogen atoms | |
| 1211462887 | Inorganic Molecule | Molecule that lacks Carbon (ie water) or lacks Hydrogen (ie carbon dioxide) Far less diverse then and generally much simpler than organic molecules. | |
| 1211462888 | Hydrocarbons | Molecules made of ONLY carbon and hydrogen | |
| 1211462889 | Monomer | A small organic molecule several of which may be bonded together to form a chain called a polymer | |
| 1211462890 | Polymer | A molecule composed of 3 or more (perhaps thousands) smaller subunits called monomers which may be identical (like glucose to form starch) or different (like amino acids of a protien) | |
| 1211462891 | Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other forming water. | |
| 1211462892 | Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. Opposite of dehydration synthesis | |
| 1211462893 | Carbohydrate | A compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with approximate chemical formula of CH2O. Includes sugars, starches, and cellulose | |
| 1211462894 | Monosaccharide | The basic molecular unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups | |
| 1211462895 | Disaccharide | A carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides | |
| 1211462896 | Polysaccharide | A large carbohydrate molecule composed of branched or unbranched chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits. | |
| 1211462897 | Starch | Chains of glucose molecules. Used by plants as a carbohydrate storage molecule. | |
| 1211462898 | Glycogen | Highly-branched polymer of glucose that is store in animals in the muscles and liver and metabolized as a source of energy | |
| 1211462899 | Cellulose | An insoluble carbohydrate that forms the cell walls of plants | |
| 1211462900 | Chitin | A compound found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects | |
| 1211462901 | Lipids | one of the large organic molecules containing large non-polar regions composed solely of carbon and hydrogen which make lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water | |
| 1211462902 | Oil | liquid at room temp; lipid | |
| 1211462903 | Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. | |
| 1211462904 | Steroids | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. | |
| 1211462905 | Protiens | A polymer composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds | |
| 1211462906 | Amino Acids | the individual subunit of which proteins are made. Composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydrogen atom and a variable group of atoms denoted by the letter R | |
| 1211462907 | 6 Functions of a Protein | 1.) Structural 2.) Movement 3.) Defense 4.) Storage 5.) Signaling 6.)Catalyzing Reactions | |
| 1211462908 | A protein's functions if based on its... | Structure! | |
| 1211462909 | Primary Structure | A chain of amino acids | |
| 1211462910 | Secondary Structure | the repeated regular structure assumed by a protein chain HELIX OR PLEATED SHEET | |
| 1211462911 | Tertiary Structure | Manipulation of the helix or pleated sheet | |
| 1211462912 | Quaternary Structure | The complex three dimensional structure of multiple protein chains bonding together. looks like a big knot | |
| 1211462913 | Nucleic Acids | Organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits; DNA and RNA are examples of | |
| 1211462914 | 3 Parts to a Nucleotide | 1.) 5 Carbon Sugar (always the same) 2.) Phosphate Functional Group(always the same) 3.) Nitrogen-Containing Base (changes) | |
| 1211462915 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate Energy-carriers and intracellular messanger | |
| 1211462916 | Electron Carriers | A molecule that can gain or loss electrons. Generally accept high-energy electrons and loos low-energy electrons. | |
| 1211462917 | RNA | Ribonucleic Acid messenger that leaves the nucleus. It's coded from the DNA. | |
| 1211462918 | Ribosomes | Organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis | |
| 1211462919 | Endoplasmic Reticulm | Responsible in a cell for maintaining manufacturing of a variety of molecules that get transported to the cellular membrane. The can appear as smooth or rough in texture. | |
| 1211462920 | Vacuole | A membrane bound sac that is primarily used for STORAGE of water, nutrient and water | |
| 1211462921 | Chloroplast | An organelle that is responsible for photosynthesis, turning sun light into physical energy. | |
| 1211462922 | Cell Wall | Acts as a protective barrier and helps to maintain plant cell shape. These are not found in animal cells. | |
| 1211462923 | Cytoskeleton | Composed of microtubles and filaments, these structures help maintain cell shape and can be involved in cellular movement. | |
| 1211462924 | Mitochondria | Membrane bound organelle that is sometimes called THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL, as it provides cellular energy for the entire cell in the form of ATP | |
| 1211462925 | Cell Membrane | This organelle is found on both plant and animal cells and acts as a selectively permeable barrier separating the outside of the cell from the inside. | |
| 1211462926 | Lysosomes | These organelles contain enzymes that break down cellular debris. STOMACH OF THE CELL | |
| 1211462927 | Golgi Apparatus | This organelle packages for transport elsewhere in the cell. PACKAGING AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT | |
| 1211462928 | Flagella | This organelle propels cells using a whip-like motion | |
| 1211462929 | Cell Theory states... | 1.) Every organism is made up of 1 or more cells 2.)The smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms 3.) All cells arise from preexisting cells | |
| 1211462930 | All cells have___,___, and ___ in common. | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and use DNA as the hereditary blueprint and RNA to copy the blueprint and guide construction of cell parts. |
