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| 8331112336 | Describe gender relationships during the Paleolithic period. | Men had to do the hunting and gathering Women had to be gatherers Men had to depend on the women for the gathering skills of women even if food was important Older women could tell which plants are edible and pass their knowledge down to children Hunters created clever ways to capture their prey | 0 | |
| 8331113988 | Define the characteristics that compose a civilization. | Developed in river valleys Better water access for life and nutrients Cultural hearth Surplus of food Social class Specialization Cities Government Organized writing systems Long-distance trade | 1 | |
| 8331113990 | Define job specialization and surplus. | Some jobs are more respected than others Some have more land than others causing inequality of land with a growing population Job specialization is when the people is in a job position for a certain thing they are good at such as a blacksmith. Surplus is the extra food for the growing population in a certain area. They are grown by the increasing agricultural use of fertilizers and other innovations in the neolithic revolution. Surplus is more food than you need than at the moment and have storages with specialization helping with storages and tools to farm | 2 | |
| 8331118143 | Define paleolithic revolution, neolithic revolution, pastoralism, and agrarianism. | Agrarianism is the social or political movement to bring about land reforms or to improve economic status of the farmer. Pastoralism is the society that includes nomads who wander and raise livestock. Paleolithic revolution was when humans inhabited almost everywhere except Antartica. They could use tools with intelligent brains and walk for their survival of their main source of food. Neolithic revolution happened when humans starts domesticating animals and harvesting on the ground as farmers rather than hunters and gatherers. It became the primary economic activity as it gradually happened in different parts of the world. | 3 | |
| 8331121031 | What kind of problems do historians have with creating a definition of what a civilization is? | They are less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order. This means if you call other groups civilized, you imply other social orders are uncivilized and not morally advanced. | 4 | |
| 8331121032 | Describe the geographic characteristics of the cultural hearths of the early centers of civilization. | Mountain ranges and central highlands | 5 | |
| 8331126100 | Which gender was more likely to have started selective breeding of plants and why? | Women were more selected of breeding plants because they were thought to be the ones who first farmed. | 6 | |
| 8331126101 | List the cultural (innovations), political, religious, economic, and social contributions of the four river valley civilizations. | Writing system, law codes, polytheism, social class, government, occupations, theocracies. | 7 | |
| 8331128740 | Why is the Indus River Valley civilization a unique challenge to understand for historians? | Writing was very hard to decipher. | 8 | |
| 8331130687 | What was the name of the first Mesopotamian civilization? | sumerians | 9 | |
| 8331130688 | Were there any competing lifestyles with farming communities in the neolithic revolution? | Yes, there was still hunters and gatherers after the neolithic revolution. | 10 | |
| 8331130689 | Describe the writing systems used in each of the river valley civilizations. | In Mesopotamia, they use cuneiform for recording transactions for trade with other civilizations such as the Indus River valley, but it also meant that if you knew how to write, you were considered an elite or employed and knew history. In the Nile river valley, Egyptians used two forms of writing instead of one which are hieroglyphics for sacred writing and demotic scripts for recording contracts and agreements. However, in the Indus River Valley, we don't know the writing language they used at the time of their civilization. The Xi and Zhou dynasty used the pictograph as the earliest Chinese writing in their history. | 11 | |
| 8331134120 | Review your notes over the seminars on the Egyptian Book of the Dead and Hammurabi's law codes. | 12 | ||
| 8331134121 | Why was Mesoamerica different than the four river valley civilizations? | They didn't have large domesticated animals as the other civilizations had. They also didn't develop near a river or a river valley at this time. | 13 | |
| 8331139022 | What is the definition of a universalizing religion? | A religion that spreads to other regions to gather faith. | 14 | |
| 8331139023 | Describe Mahayana Buddhism and its relationship with Bodhisattva's. | Mahayana Buddhism believe that the founder took steps to define the religion and other Buddhas appeared after him. The concept of Bodhisattvas came to life who had taken the Eightfold path and reach perfection, but delayed to enter nirvana and instead to help others along the way. They serve as examples of inspiration in Buddhist temples beside the image of the Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism praise Buddha as a god and constructed mounds that symbolize the universe over relics of Siddhartha in temple courtyards. It accepted many different lifestyles and paths to nirvana and traveled to other lands absorbing other concepts from native religions. | 15 | |
| 8331142409 | Describe the major tenets of Zoroastrianism. | During the Persian empire, Zoroastrianism rose. It described the concept of good and evil and challenge polytheism at the time. Ahura Mazda was the source of light, truth, and goodness opposing Angra Mainyu who is an evil spirit. Their spiritual view was monotheistic that includes heaven and hell, resurrected bodies, belief in the final defeat of evil, arrival of a savior(Messiah), remaking of the world at the endpoint, notion of a last judgement. | 16 | |
| 8331142410 | How does Hinduism view God? Describe each of the Hindu caste and define jati. | Each caste is a social class of hereditary that is usually unchangeable. If you were born with your parents, you were placed in the same caste as they were.Four major varnas were created in which a creature named Purusha was sacrificed representing the caste systems. Brahmins represent the high social class including the priests and scholars of Purusha's mouth containing knowledge and intellect. Kshatriya represent the warriors and government officials from the arms of Purusha. Vaishya was the landowners, merchants, and artisans from Purusha's thighs. Lastly, Shudra were common peasants and laborers from Purusha's feet. Hinduism viewed God as a polytheistic religion because of many paintings that include hand signals that follow the Hinduism beliefs.A jati is a birth group each with a occupation, duties, and rituals of the caste being subdivided. and more complex. | 17 | |
| 8331142457 | Describe early Christianity and the major players in spreading Christianity in the Roman Empire. Who were the main missionaries and who did they influence most? | Christianity was a monotheistic faith in the Middle East spreading across the Afro-Eurasian world. It emerged in early years of the Roman Empire in Judea, the old Jewish kingdom that became a Roman province. Its founder was Jesus of Nazareth who teach Christians as the son of God. A few Christian followers were Jesus' disciples following Paul, a missionary appealing to Greeks and Romans. He spreads it to Greece, Italy, Anatolia, other areas in the eastern Mediterranean shores. Early Christians were persecuted and Emperor Constantine issued a Edict of Milan announcing the official toleration of Christianity as a faith. | 18 | |
| 8331150894 | Describe the central tenets of Legalism. | Humans were naturally evil and obey only by force by deities. They would establish strict laws, harsh punishments and sacrifice of personal freedom for the good of the state. | 19 | |
| 8331152861 | Describe Taoism (Daoism) and its major tenets. | They want to use the "dao" as a way to pay attention to nature. They disencourage violence. | 20 | |
| 8331152862 | Describe Buddhism and its major tenets. How does Buddhism differ from Hinduism? | Buddhism describes that everyone regardless of their caste they could achieve nirvana offering a release from human suffering. Nirvana is equivalent to moksha in Hinduism except that it can be achieved in upper classes and not normal castes in the moksha. | 21 | |
| 8331156584 | Who created the Persian Empire? What was the structure of that empire and who were the major figures in leading it? | Cyrus the Great created the Persian Empire. The structure of that empire was superior military leadership and organization. The major figures leading it was Darius I, Xerxes, and, Alexander the Great. | 22 | |
| 8331156585 | Describe the major city-states of Classical Greece and especially the types of governments they used. | . Athens went through all the types of government stages and democracy was reaching upon them during the 5th century. Sparta was more of a military state. The poleis existed in both of those city states(different political forms). In Athens, Cleisthenes was in control and the instability from the rebellion cause him to try democracy as a aristocrat. The democracy in Athens was called a "town meeting" where only free males could discuss decisions affecting the future of the polis and argue with everyone else's opinion into a collective vote determining political action. There was also the Council of 500 where the citizens choose by lot for 1 year terms who are responsible of applying the policy. In Sparta, they used Messenia and their people as servants called helots. The cause of being a military city-state was by the rebellions of Messians encouraging Sparta to have more military control. | 23 | |
| 8331159388 | When and why did the Peloponnesian War occur in Classical Greece? | The war happened around 431-404 B.C.E. It happened between Athens and Sparta over city-states. Sparta won the war with a series of angry arguments among the city states and their long-established independence and individuality. They were all weakened and were conquested by a new power in the north, Macedonia. | 24 | |
| 8331159389 | Why was it so difficult for India to create unified political systems in the sub-continent? | India was politically fragmented into kinship groups and independent groups and lived near terrain where inhabitants can/cannot live such as river valleys, plains, forests, making transportation difficult and communication difficult. The caste system was then put in place where religious beliefs were shared and hundreds of jatis(birth groups) were separated people into group identification. | 25 | |
| 8331161998 | Describe the Mauryan Empire in India and Asoka's role in creating that empire. | Ashoka was the third and greatest ruler. He promoted Buddhism during his time when he found bloodshed at the midpoint of his ruling. His dominant image as a young warrior made him a responsible monarch seeing himself as a father of his people. The dynasty came into a good part in the kingdom of Magadha. It was wealthy and located along on the trade routes of the Ganges River Valley. Chandragupta Maurya expanded it into India's first centralized empire. Ashoka ruled over the entire sub-continent except for the southern tip of the peninsula. It lasted after Ashoka's death. | 26 | |
| 8331161999 | Define Hellenization and Alexander the Great's role in spreading it. | Hellenization is the blending of eastern and western cultures. | 27 | |
| 8331162000 | Which culture influenced the early development of Roman culture? | Greek culture | 28 | |
| 8331165535 | Chart out and describe each of the major branches of Roman government under the Roman Republic. | Rome established itself as a republic and lasted until the emperor Augustus. The ruling body was the Senate composed of patricians(aristocrats who passed their positions to their sons). The plebeians are commoners who made up the % of the population represented by an elected General Assembly. The General Assembly had little power and the patricians of the Senate control the political decisions. The executive was head by two consuls elect from the members of the Senate for one-year long terms. Each consul had veto power over the other and are usually military generals who are competitive and sharp to challenge each other's power. The Senate discontinued the practice of the consuls every year replacing them. Plebeians managed to get representatives called tribunes who were elected by the people, but controlled by the Senate. The Senate's power was challenged by Julius Caesar and a Triumvirate. | 29 | |
| 8331165536 | Describe how Rome's government changed under Augustus. | Augustus didn't change the old political structures of Rome. He retained the title of "consul." The Senate named their new emperor. The Senate had no real power and gave it to Augustus since he saved Rome from destruction. He preferred to be a princeps(first citizen) and overhauled(examined) the military,economy, and government in place without considerabe changes. He made a new civil service that managed the large empire with effiency and honesty. The officials were equites, where a class of Italian merchants and landowners help run the empire. The provinces were ruled by governors and allowed a great deal of freedom in local affairs. He arranged a systematic code of the Roman Law called the Law of the Twelve Tables. He sets up a network of officials to hear cases and administer the law. New class of legal experts rose whose opinions and interpretations often were given the force of law. The army was the engineering force to build roads and public works over the provinces. The reforms went into "Roman Peace" in prosperity and Roman strength was unchallenged. | 30 | |
| 8331168131 | Describe the government of the Qin Dynasty. Who was its leader? What was its' basic philosophy towards its subjects? | Shi Huangdi was the leader of the Qin Dynasty. Its basic philosophy was legalism. | 31 | |
| 8331168132 | Describe the government of the Han Dynasty. Who were its major leaders? What was its' basic philosophy towards its subjects? | Under control by Liu Bang. He used basic philosophy of Confucianism. | 32 | |
| 8331171060 | What role did Zhang Qian play in the Han Dynasties development of the Silk Roads? | He discovered the "heavenly horses" and was visiting the Parthians. | 33 | |
| 8331171061 | Know the geography of the Silk Roads that crossed Central Asia. Be prepared to identify the major empires along those routes. | The Silk Road went along China with the Han Dynasty, the Kushan Empire, Roman Empire, and the Parthian Empire. | 34 | |
| 8331172844 | Describe the geography of the Indian Ocean trade and the technologies necessary to make trade successful. | Dhow with a lateen sail was necessary for the trade to be successful. | 35 | |
| 8331172845 | List the reasons the Americas lacked widespread trade networks. | Longitudinal geography problems, small population, and, lack of large domesticated animals. | 36 | |
| 8365206462 | Describe the geography of Arabia and its major cities. Why is each city important? | Arabia was traced by one man of a new religion, Muhammad. Most of the area was inhabitable with deserts and nomads traveling mile after a mile. There were scarce resources. The major cities were Mecca and Medina who were served as the organizational points for camel carvans make the long trek boy ways across the destination points as great trade networks close to the Red Sea. Medina was a way where Muhammad marched to(originally caled Yathrib). The journey was set to call the hijra where the turning point in early history marked a beginning of the new Isalmic calendar. It was to help the conflicts between the agricultural settlement of mixed Arab and the Jewish population. The Ka'aba was a shrine located in Mecca with its importance home to deities of pre-Isalmic Arabia and destination of piligrims undertaking the hajj. | 37 | |
| 8365206463 | Define Quran, Umma, Ulama, Madrassas, Sufi, Imam, mosque, Sunni, Shi'ite (Shia). | The Quran was the set of beliefs in the book of the Islamic faith. Madrassas were schools by the Sufis to educate the Islamic faith. Ulama is a body of Muslim scholars recognized of Islamic sacred law and technology with knowledge. Umma is the community of all believers. Imam is the person who leads prayers in a mosque. Mosque is a temple. | 38 | |
| 8365212860 | Describe how Islam spread so rapidly. | It grew rapidly after Muhammad's death and the fall of the two empires, Byzantine and the Sassanid empires. They were weakened by other trade routes. | 39 | |
| 8365212861 | How did the Abbasid Caliphate differ from the Umayyad Caliphate? | They helped establish Islam to be a universalizing religion and claimed to be descendants of Muhammad's uncle. | 40 | |
| 8365218110 | How did the Abbasid Caliphate further culture and knowledge in the Golden Age of Islam? | They peak where trade networks were reviving and controlled much of the trade with dhows with lateen sails made them grow wealthy. The profits from the trade maintained the new business and cities were filled from people across the Eastern Hemisphere. Craftsmen were part of the urban life promoting wages and working conditions for their members catering to expensive furniture. | 41 | |
| 8365218111 | How did the Crusades influence European culture? Did the Crusades influence the Muslim Empire? | The first universities were established in Italy since Italy was the first area of Europe to directly benefit from trade sparked by the Crusades. | 42 | |
| 8365225193 | What empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire into the Post-Classical Period? | Byzantine Empire | 43 | |
| 8365225194 | Describe its location, major city, and government. What were this empire's religious views? | Constantinople was the major city of the Byzantine Empire. It has a major advantage with its location on the Bosporus, a narrow connnection between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. They can have long distance traed from East Asia, India, and Russia to Western Europe. The position was easily defendeable with three sides connected to water and ships can be seen from a long distance. The west of the city includes a strong wall. A major political threat was the Sassanid Empire to the east. The Sassanid seek to rebuild the old Persian Empire.The precedent for leadership style was set by Constantine who claime divine favor and sanction for his rule. In contrast to separation of political and religious powers developing in the west, the emperor often went with theological disputes and use his political position to define "orthodox." The Eastern Orthodox Church was the conversion of Eastern Europens to branch of Christianity. It also not only a religious model. Poles,Czechs, and Croats turn to the Roman Catholic Church in the adoption of the Roman alphabet for their languages. Constantinople was noteably for the Hagia Sophia or the Church of the Holy Wisdom as an example of Christian architecture. | 44 | |
| 8365225195 | Know the physical geographic dimensions of the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties. | Yangtze River, Yellow River, Great Wall of China | 45 | |
| 8365230831 | Describe the role of the tribute system in Chinese history. | The tribute system was used for the nomads and other people recognizing China as the "middle kingdom" and that they were "barbarians." They were to bring gifts and do rituals. China gives them gifts that were more expensive than theirs. | 46 | |
| 8365230832 | Was the Tang Dynasty an urban empire? Explain why or why not. | Yes, they reached major achievements for their dynasty. This includes the revival of the civil service examination leading to the first printing books. | 47 | |
| 8365234789 | Why was Buddhism suppressed in China and what were the ultimate results of that suppression? | It was suppressed because it went within the elite and popular culture as a permanent presence in Chinese life. The Sui emperor Wendi built montasiaries identifying the imported religion with traditional Chinese culture. He also used it for justify military campaigns. | 48 | |
| 8365234790 | Define neo-confucianism. How did it grow and in what dynasty did it become the new way of thinking? | Neo-confucianism was the new version of the older ideology because of the appeal of Buddhism forced Confucians to rethink their philosophy. This happened during the Song dynasty and grew through the interpretations of Mencius of Zhu Xi's classical Confucian works. Confucians reacted to Buddhism with their revised philosophy with the dynasty being rich and being accepted as belief systems. | 49 | |
| 8365234791 | How did the rights of women change during the Tang and Song Dynasties? | Footbinding was caused mostly in the Song dynasty, but the Tang Dynasty had more freedom unlike women. Women could grow markets and sell items. | 50 | |
| 8365240341 | Why was the Song Dynasty so weak militarily? | The empire was designed to address the weakness of its predecessor. | 51 | |
| 8365240342 | What was the purpose of building the Grand Canal? Which two river systems did the canal connect? | The Grand Canal was to connect northern and southern China including the Yangtze and the Yellow River. | 52 | |
| 8365246287 | How was Chinese culture transmitted to Japan? Were any religious beliefs involved? Were the Japanese forced to adopt Chinese culture? | Japan was borrowing voluntarily under direct military threat or outright occupation. They weren't forced to adopt Chinese culture and not been successfully been invaded or conquered. | 53 | |
| 8365246288 | Were the nomads a factor in China during the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties? | Yes, they provided resources such as horses for the Chinese military. | 54 | |
| 8365246289 | Describe art and literature in the Tang and Song Dynasties. | In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bo and Du fu were the most famous poets in literature. Li Bo was known for his freedom of spirit and love of nature while Du Fu was concerned with social injustice and suffering of ordinary people. | 55 | |
| 8365252358 | Why did the Chinese population boom during the Tang and Song Dynasties? The | The Tang and the Song dynasty achieved economic,cultural, and politcal achivements. The main thing was the revival of the civil service examination to staff its bureaucracy. Next, the Grand Canal and other inventions made the economic boom. Culturally, poets from the Tang Dynasty including ceramics and landscape paintings from the Song Dynasty made a impact on its population. | 56 |
