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| 5904397649 | Paleolithic Era | called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers. | 0 | |
| 5904397650 | Neolithic Era | the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills | 1 | |
| 5904397651 | foraging societies | Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal | 2 | |
| 5904397652 | hunters and gatherers | A hunter-gatherer or forager society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. Hunter-gatherers are a type of nomad | 3 | |
| 5904397653 | civilization | A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes | 4 | |
| 5904397654 | Neolithic Revolution | (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. | 5 | |
| 5904397655 | nomadic pastoralism | Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures. | 6 | |
| 5904397656 | patrilineal/patrilocal | relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father | 7 | |
| 5904397657 | sedentary agriculture | Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place | 8 | |
| 5904397658 | slash-and-burn agriculture | another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris | 9 | |
| 5904397659 | matrilineal | relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother | 10 | |
| 5904397660 | Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 11 | |
| 5904397661 | Gilgamesh | A legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories | 12 | |
| 5904397662 | Hammurabi's Law Code | laws written by king Hammurabi. The laws applied equally to everyone in the kingdom, and they were placed in public places so everyone would know what they were. | 13 | |
| 5904397663 | Egyptian Book of the Dead | common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death | 14 | |
| 5904397664 | pyramids | The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Americans all built different types of this kind of structure because they all had a heavily centralized governments with emperors who were seen as closely tied to religion or were even seen as gods. | 15 | |
| 5904397665 | hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 16 | |
| 5904397666 | the Hittites | famous for their skill in building and using chariots, as well as pioneers in the manufacture and use of iron. | 17 | |
| 5904397667 | monotheism | Belief in one God | 18 | |
| 5904397668 | Alexander the Great | Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. | 19 | |
| 5904397669 | Hellenism | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 20 | |
| 5904397670 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 21 | |
| 5904397671 | plebeians and patricians | 2 groups did the Roman society divide into | 22 | |
| 5904397672 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. | 23 | |
| 5904397673 | Chinese tributary system | network of trade and foreign relations between China and China's tributaries. China influenced these countries in culture and shaped trade/foreign policy for 2,000 years. flourished in late Ming/Early Qing dynasties. drew into china centered international order | 24 | |
| 5904397674 | the Silk Road | Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China. | 25 | |
| 5904397675 | Indian caste system | This ancient aspect of Hinduism is focused on a variety of social and vocational classes. The highest classes are the wealthiest and the fewest and the lowest class lives in poverty and are abundant. | 26 | |
| 5904397676 | Ashoka | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | 27 | |
| 5904397677 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 28 | |
| 5904397678 | feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 29 | |
| 5904397679 | republics/democracies | a form of government in which citizens elect representatives to rule for them | 30 | |
| 5904397680 | theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders | 31 | |
| 5904397681 | serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | 32 | |
| 5904397682 | polytheism | Belief in many gods | 33 | |
| 5904397683 | Zoroastrianism | One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. | 34 | |
| 5904397684 | Diaspora | any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade. | 35 | |
| 5904397685 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 36 | |
| 5904397686 | samsara, karma, dharma | the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism, the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences, principal of cosmic order | 37 | |
| 5904397687 | Buddhism | Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. | 38 | |
| 5904397688 | Four Noble Truths | 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path | 39 | |
| 5904397689 | Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering | 40 | |
| 5904397690 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism | 41 | |
| 5904397691 | nirvana | The state of englightenment for Buddhists. | 42 | |
| 5904397692 | Daoism | A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. | 43 | |
| 5904397693 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 44 | |
| 5904397694 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. | 45 | |
| 5904397695 | Analects | The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. | 46 | |
| 5904397696 | Confucius | (551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. | 47 | |
| 5904397697 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 48 | |
| 5904397698 | Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054) | reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles. | 49 | |
| 5904397699 | Islam (the Quran) | Holy book of Muslims | 50 | |
| 5904397700 | Allah | Muslim God | 51 | |
| 5904397701 | Mohammed | 570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book. | 52 | |
| 5904397702 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 53 | |
| 5904397703 | the Kaaba | building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca. The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam. | 54 | |
| 5904397704 | Sunni/Shiite | Both sides agreed that Allah is the one true God and that Muhammad was his messenger, but one group (which eventually became the Shiites) felt Muhammad's successor should be someone in his bloodline, while the other (which became the Sunnis) felt a pious individual who would follow the Prophet's customs was acceptable. | 55 | |
| 5904397705 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 56 | |
| 5904397706 | Syncretism | The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions. | 57 | |
| 5904397707 | Greco-Roman traditions | Helped shape the American ideas about government. Gets its name from Greece and Rome | 58 | |
| 5904397708 | Cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 59 | |
| 5904397709 | Hagia Sofia | The cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian | 60 | |
| 5904397710 | astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets | 61 | |
| 5904397711 | monsoons | seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons | 62 | |
| 5904397712 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | 63 | |
| 5904397713 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 64 | |
| 5904397714 | scholar gentry | Class that controlled much land and provided most candidates for civil service; replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese Dynasty; Agricultural society | 65 | |
| 5904397715 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 66 | |
| 5904397716 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 67 | |
| 5904397717 | Yuan dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats. | 68 | |
| 5904397718 | movable type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. | 69 | |
| 5904397720 | Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. | 70 | |
| 5904397721 | humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 71 | |
| 5904397722 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 72 | |
| 5904397723 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 73 | |
| 5904397724 | Humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. | 74 | |
| 5904397725 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. | 75 | |
| 5904397726 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 76 | |
| 5904397727 | Gothic architecture | Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches | 77 | |
| 5904397728 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 78 | |
| 5904397729 | Crusade | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 79 | |
| 5904397730 | Bantu | A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. | 80 | |
| 5904397731 | Kievan Russia | Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | 81 | |
| 5904397732 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. | 82 | |
| 5904397733 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 83 | |
| 5904397734 | Malay sailors | Southeast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean; by 500 C.E., they had colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana | 84 | |
| 5904397735 | Middle Kingdom | 2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between Nile and Red Sea so Egyptian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria. | 85 | |
| 5904397736 | Ming dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 86 | |
| 5904397737 | Mongol Peace | The period from about 1250 to 1350 in which the Mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel | 87 | |
| 5904397738 | chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 88 | |
| 5904397739 | mita | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 89 |
