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| 17508835 | Paleolithic period | most of the period during which humans have been alive; ended 12,000 B.C.; stone tools; hunting and gathering | 0 | |
| 17508836 | Hammurabi's code | Hammurabi was Babylonian ruler; most famous early code of law | 1 | |
| 17508837 | Mesopatamia | civilizations that arose in the Tigris-Euphrates valleys | 2 | |
| 17508838 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 3 | |
| 17508839 | Neolithic period | 8000-5000 B.C.; adaptation of sedentary agriculture; domestication of plants and animals | 4 | |
| 17508840 | Confucius | born in 6th century B.C.; need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among shi | 5 | |
| 17508841 | Silk roads | connected European, Chinese, and Indian civilizations; allowed spread of goods, ideas | 6 | |
| 17508842 | Legalism | strict; emphasis on military | 7 | |
| 17508843 | Daoism | Laozi; need for connection with Dao/cosmic force | 8 | |
| 17508844 | Great Wall | initiated in Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi | 9 | |
| 17508845 | Sanskrit | sacred and classical Indian language | 10 | |
| 17508846 | Ashoka | completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; spread Buddhism | 11 | |
| 17508847 | caste system | divided into professions; rigid; almost impossible to rise; untouchables at bottom performed menial labor | 12 | |
| 17508848 | Hinduism | Vishnu=preserver; Shiva=destroyer; no one founder; no one religious figure | 13 | |
| 17508849 | Buddha | enlightened one; originally Siddhartha Guatama; in 563 B.C. he challenged Hindu beliefs | 14 | |
| 17508850 | Punic wars | fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in western Mediterranean; after 3 conflicts, Rome won | 15 | |
| 17508851 | consuls | two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 16 | |
| 17508852 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312-337 A.D.; established 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to unify empire under Christianity | 17 | |
| 17508853 | city-states | k | 18 | |
| 17508854 | architecture (columns) | Doric--simple, square; Ionic--double swirl; Corinthian--elaborate swirls | 19 | |
| 17508855 | Ethiopia | Christian kingdom in Africa; King Lalaibela | 20 | |
| 17508856 | Olmec | Indian group in Central America 800-400 B.C.; lacked writing; religious pyramid-like structures | 21 | |
| 17508857 | Shintoism | Japan; numerous gods/spirits associated with nature; offers of food and prayers | 22 | |
| 17508858 | Justinian | Eastern Roman emperor from 527-565 A.D.; tried to restore unity of Roman empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law | 23 | |
| 17508859 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists; launched revolt in 184 A.D. in China; promising golden age to be brought about by divine magic | 24 | |
| 17508860 | bedouin | nomads of Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 25 | |
| 17508861 | Muhammad | born 570, revelations 610, death 632 | 26 | |
| 17508862 | 5 pillars | confession of faith (no God but Allah), pray facing Mecca five times a day, fasting during Ramadan, zakat (charity tax), hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 27 | |
| 17508863 | Islam | means submission to Allah | 28 | |
| 17508864 | Qur'an | revelations by Allah to Muhammad; "Muslim Bible" | 29 | |
| 17508865 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders of Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis, ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 30 | |
| 17508866 | Saladin | Muslim leader in last decades of 12th century; reconquered most of crusader outposts for Islam | 31 | |
| 17508867 | Crusades | holy wars launched by Christians in an attempt to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims; originally captured Jerusalem, set up Christian kingdoms; later used as commerical wars or to exterminate heresy | 32 | |
| 17508868 | Sufis | mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia | 33 | |
| 17508869 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods/godesses; most widely worshipped gods=Vishnu/Shiva; strong emotional bonds between members and gods | 34 | |
| 17508870 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship; lacking concentration of political power and authority | 35 | |
| 17508871 | Sudanic states | kingdoms that developed during height of Ghana's power; included Mali and Songhay | 36 | |
| 17508872 | Demographic Transition | shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population in western Europe in late 19th century | 37 | |
| 17508873 | Almoravids | puritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076 | 38 | |
| 17508874 | Mali | k | 39 | |
| 17508875 | Theodora | k | 40 | |
| 17508876 | Hagia Sofia | new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian | 41 | |
| 17508877 | Iconaclasm | religious controversy in Byzantine empire in 8th century; emperor attempted to stop veneration of icons; "breaking of images"; icon veneration restored after long struggle | 42 | |
| 17508878 | Kiev | trade city in southern Russia; founded 9th century; focal point for Russian kingdom 12th century | 43 | |
| 17508879 | Cyril/Methodius | missionaries sent by Byzantine empire to eastern Europe and Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; written script Cyrillic | 44 | |
| 17508880 | feudalism | exchanging grants of land or fiefs for formal oaths of allegiance and loyal service; Zhou dynasty, European Middle Ages; protection for military service | 45 | |
| 17508881 | manorialism | more economic than feudalism; rent or labor for access to land | 46 | |
| 17508882 | vassals | members of military elite; received land or benefice; provided service | 47 | |
| 17508883 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who set up empire in France and Germany 800 A.D.; Charles the Great | 48 | |
| 17508884 | Charles Martel | ended Muslim threat to western Europe; defeated them at battle of Tours 732; Carolingian monarch of Franks | 49 | |
| 17508885 | Aztecs | k | 50 | |
| 17508886 | chinampas | floating gardens used by Aztecs | 51 | |
| 17508887 | Toltecs | succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic; human sacrifice; declined after 1200 A.D. | 52 | |
| 17508888 | Inca Socialism | view of Incas by Spanish historians as utopia; every community contributed to the whole | 53 | |
| 17508889 | split inheritance | Inca practice of descent; titles and political power to successor; wealth and land to male descendants | 54 | |
| 17508890 | Grand Canal | built in 7th century under Yangdi of Sui dynasty; nearly 1200 miles long | 55 | |
| 17508891 | footbinding | painful practice of making Chinese women's feet smaller; restricted movement; easier to confine women to household | 56 | |
| 17508892 | Yang Guifei | royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt | 57 | |
| 17508893 | junks | Chinese ships with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas | 58 | |
| 17508894 | flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | 59 | |
| 17508895 | tale of Genji | written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence of mannered style of Japanese society | 60 | |
| 17508896 | seppuku | ritual suicide of samurai in Japan | 61 | |
| 17508897 | shogun | military leaders of government in 12th century Japan | 62 | |
| 17508898 | samurai | mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders; loyal to local lords, not emperor | 63 | |
| 17508899 | daimyo | warlord rulers of 300 small states following disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; consolidated into mini-states | 64 | |
| 17508900 | Trung sisters | Hai ba Trung Rebellion 40 A.D.; drowned themselves in river when defeated by Chinese; they were Vietnamese | 65 | |
| 17508901 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into absolute Chinese-style emperor; attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 66 | |
| 17508902 | sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam | 67 | |
| 17508903 | Heian period | k | 68 | |
| 17508904 | Gempei wars | waged for 5 years from 1180 on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira | 69 | |
| 17508905 | Chinggis Khan | born 1170s; khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; conquest of northern kingdoms of China; far west as Abbasid regions; died 1227 | 70 | |
| 17508906 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; khagan in 1260; established Yuan dynasty 1271 | 71 | |
| 17508907 | Prester John | mythical Christian monarch; supposedly cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan originally believed to be Prester John | 72 | |
| 17508908 | Batu | ruler of Golden Horde; grandson of Chinggis Khan; invasion of Russia 1236 | 73 | |
| 17508909 | Golden Horde | one of 4 subdivisions of Mongol empire after death of Chinggis Khan; ruled by Batu; territory covered much of today's southern Russia | 74 | |
| 17508910 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China | 75 | |
| 17508911 | Shamanistic religion | k | 76 | |
| 17508912 | Chabi | wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted Buddhist interests in China; refused Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese | 77 | |
| 17508913 | tumens | fighting units of Mongol forces; 10,000 cavalry; divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10 | 78 | |
| 17508914 | Timur-i Lang | leader of Turkic nomads, 1360s launched attacks on Persia, India, Fertile Crescent, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 | 79 | |
| 17508915 | Ibn-Rushd | k | 80 | |
| 17508916 | Ming Dynasty | succeeded Yuan dynasty; lasted until 1644; initially lots of trade expeditions; then focused on internal development | 81 | |
| 17508917 | Zhenghe | Chinese Muslim admiral; commanded series of trade expeditions under Ming dynasty between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire | 82 | |
| 17508918 | Beijing | k | 83 | |
| 17508919 | Black Death | plague in Europe in 14th century | 84 | |
| 17508920 | Hundred Year's War | conflict between England and France; 1337-1453; fought over English lands in France and feudal rights vs. claims of national states | 85 | |
| 17508921 | Renaissance | began in Italy in 1400; urban vitality and expanding commerce; distinctly secular in literature and art | 86 | |
| 17508922 | Marco Polo | k | 87 | |
| 17508923 | Iberian Peninsula | k | 88 | |
| 17508924 | Portugal, Castile, and Aragon | Castile and Aragon united in 1469 through marriage of Isabel and Ferdinand | 89 | |
| 17508925 | Inquisition | k | 90 | |
| 17508926 | Florence | k | 91 | |
| 17508927 | DeMedici family | k | 92 | |
| 17508928 | Humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual/artistic endeavor | 93 | |
| 17508929 | Machiavelli | author of The Prince 16th century; realistic discussions of how to seize/maintain power; one of most influential authors of Renaissance | 94 | |
| 17508930 | Francesco Petrarch | one of major literary figures of western Renaissance | 95 | |
| 17508931 | Giotto | k | 96 | |
| 17508932 | Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance Man"--well-rounded man; paintings, sculptures, architecture, science, engineering, inventing; 1452-1519 | 97 | |
| 17508933 | Vivaldi Brothers | two Genoese brothers; attempted to find Western route to Indies; disappeared 1291 | 98 | |
| 17508934 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean | 99 | |
| 17508935 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince responsible for series of expeditions along African coast in 15th century; beginning of western European expansion | 100 | |
| 17508936 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese captain in service of king/queen of Castile and Aragon (Isabel and Ferdinand); initiated European discoveries in Americas | 101 | |
| 17508937 | Ethnocentrism | k | 102 | |
| 17508938 | ap | k | 103 | |
| 17508939 | world | k | 104 |
