March 6, 2012 Quiz Terms
Mr. Napier
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| 334464794 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | |
| 334464795 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867 | |
| 334464796 | Benito Juarez | Indian governor of state of Oaxcaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention led by Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872 | |
| 334464797 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed | |
| 334464798 | Jose de San Martin | Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well | |
| 334464799 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in Northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | |
| 334464800 | Porfirio Diaz | One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government | |
| 334464801 | Dom Joao VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of the government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian Peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janiero | |
| 334464802 | Pedro I | son and successor of Dom Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil | |
| 334464803 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments, with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives | |
| 334464804 | federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals | |
| 334464805 | caudillos | independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America | |
| 334464806 | modernization theory | the belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America | |
| 334464807 | dependency theory | belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that developmental and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America | |
| 334464808 | cientificos | advisers of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization | |
| 334464809 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence | |
| 334464810 | Gran Colombia | independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations | |
| 334464811 | La Reforma | the name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna | |
| 334464812 | Monroe Doctrine | American Declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade | |
| 334464813 | manifest destiny | belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican- American War | |
| 334464814 | Spanish American War | war fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines | |
| 334464815 | Panama Canal | an aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for Panamanian independence movement in return for grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama Isthmus; provided that short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914 | |
| 334464816 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1808; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 | |
| 334464817 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; tormented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire in Western precedents | |
| 334464818 | Tanzimat reforms | series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western style university, state, postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 | |
| 334464819 | Young Turks | members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress in Paris in 1889; were determined to restore the 1876 Constitution and resume far-reaching reforms within the Ottoman Empire | |
| 334464820 | Mameluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | |
| 334464821 | Muhammad Ali | won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848 | |
| 334464822 | khedives | descendants of Muhammad Ali, in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 | |
| 334464823 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinkers at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | |
| 334464824 | Muhammad Abduh | disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinkers at end on 19th century; stressed need for adoption for Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition or rational inquiry | |
| 334464825 | Suez Canal | built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment | |
| 334464826 | Mahdi | Leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan | |
| 334464827 | Nurhaci | architect of Manchu unity, created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered chine and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | |
| 334464828 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sintification among the Manchus | |
| 334464829 | Lin Zexu | distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in Southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War | |
| 334464830 | Cixi | ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners | |
| 334464831 | Puyi | last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | |
| 334464832 | Opium War | fought between British and Qing China beginning in 1839, fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong in British port of trade | |
| 334464833 | Taiping rebellion | broke out in South China in the 1850s and early 18602 led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | |
| 334464834 | Boxer Rebellion | popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of the provincial officials | |
| 334464835 | Holy Alliance | alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies by Europe | |
| 334464836 | Crimean War | 1854-1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman; opposed by France and Britain; Russian defeat in face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II | |
| 334464837 | zemstvoes | local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II, gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy | |
| 334464838 | Count Witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encourage Western investors to build factories in Russia | |
| 334464839 | intelligentsia | Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West | |
| 334464840 | anarchists | political groups that sought the abolition of all formal governments; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 | |
| 334464841 | Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov | better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 | |
| 334464842 | Bolsheviks | most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Vladimir I (Lenin) and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually, a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 Revolution | |
| 334464843 | Nicholas II | badly advised; could not surrender the tradition of the autocratic rule; duma became a hollow institution; revolution of 1905 | |
| 334464844 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | consisted of strikes of urban workers and widespread insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in some temporary reforms such as the creation of the duma | |
| 334464845 | duma | national parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution | |
| 334464846 | Stolypin reforms | reforms introduced by Russian minister Stolypin; intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the revolution of 1905, included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented pesantry | |
| 334464847 | kulaks | agricultural entrepreneur who utilized Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land | |
| 334464848 | terakoya | commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40%, in Japanese males | |
| 334464849 | Matthew Perry | American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854 | |
| 334464850 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | |
| 334464851 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new Constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but could not control it | |
| 334464852 | zaibatsu | huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization | |
| 334464853 | Sino-Japanese War | war fought between Japan and Qing China in 1895 and 1895; Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaotung peninsula | |
| 334464854 | yellow peril | western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region |
