Learning objectives
Terms : Hide Images
| 183829948 | Culture | Shared rules that govern our behaviour; filter in which we see and understand reality | |
| 183829949 | cultural psychologists | psychologists that study the way in which people are affected by their culture | |
| 183829950 | cross cultural psychologists | Psychologist that compares similarities and differences in behaviour across cultures | |
| 183829951 | Emic | Culture specific perspective of research that focuses on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group. | |
| 183829952 | Etic | perspective of research that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures. Under this perspective, the aim is to see whether a particular theory fits across different cultures | |
| 183829953 | Cross cultural comparison studies | Study that compares two or more different cultures in relation to a particular psychological variable. For example, locus of control might be a variable under examination | |
| 183829954 | Cross cultural validation | Research method that examines of a psychological variable in one culture can be applied to another | |
| 183829955 | Unpacking studies | Research method that attempts to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence on a particular aspect. | |
| 183829956 | 5 challenges for psychologists studying culture | 1. Problems of research methods: interpretation of data from different cultures 2. Problem of equivelant samples: need to divide culture into a number of different aspects 3. Problem of interpreting results: May generalize and stereotype 4. Researcher bias: theories and judgements may be influenced by ones own cultural background 5. Sensitive issues: culture is a difficult construct to define | |
| 184096518 | Individualist culture | cultural perspective which places individual, independence and autonomy over the group. | |
| 184096519 | Collectivist culture | culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership | |
| 184096520 | Six values that underpin the guidelines for ethical conduct in aboriginal and Torres Strait islander health research | Reciprocity, Respect, Equality, Responsibility, Survival and Protection, Spirit and integrity | |
| 184096521 | Reciprocity | Respect and values of the culture | |
| 184096522 | Respect | Respect the different beliefs, customs, ideals | |
| 184096523 | Equality | treat as equals | |
| 184096524 | Responsibility | work with people and communities involved and research does not harm the participants or cultural beliefs | |
| 184096525 | Survival and Protection | reinforce social and cultural bond between indigenous and their communities | |
| 184096526 | Spirit and integrity | research respects and unites the values and integrity of indigenous people and communities with their cultural heritage | |
| 184096527 | What are the different dimensions of culture? | Time, emotion, interpersonal space, and context | |
| 184096528 | Monochronic cultures | Time is divided into linear segments and closely regulated, people are expected to be punctual and activities are scheduled to occur at specific and regular intervals. | |
| 184096529 | Polychronic Cultures | cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules | |
| 184096530 | Polychronic Cultures | Time is more fluid and less closely regulates, people are not expected to be as punctual and precise and pay less attention to observing strict deadlines or schedules | |
| 184096531 | Cultural display rules | Cultures differ in relation to rules on the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances. EG. People from southern European cultures such as Greece or Italy tend to be much more expressive and emotional than those from English backgrounds. | |
| 184096532 | Conversational distance | Refers to how close people tend to each other when they are talking, and is related to the idea of intimate space depending on cultural beliefs | |
| 184096533 | High-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to nonverbal signs like body language and conversational difference to decode the real meaning behind words or actions. People in theses cultures emphasise interpersonal relationships and rely on intuition and interpretation that pure logic. Much of Middle east, Asia, Africa and South America can be considered High Context | |
| 184096534 | Low-context Cultures | Cutures that pay close attention to what people actually say or do and interpret that literally, without as much regard to the accompanying circumstances | |
| 184096535 | Tight Cultures | A culture that expects their members to closely adhere to cultural norms and expectations, and deviation from group norms is not tolerated | |
| 184096536 | Loose cultures | A culture where loose cultural norms are either unclear or deviance from norm is tolerated. (Western). | |
| 184096537 | Multiculturalism | Cross cultural relations where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those minority cultures is significant. | |
| 184096538 | Pluralism | Cross cultural relations where there is general acceptance not just of the existence of many different cultural and ethnic groups but also of their right to retain their cultural heritage and coexist. | |
| 184096539 | What are the 4 phases of cultural shock? | honeymoon phase, disenchantment phase, beginning resolution phase, effective functioning stage | |
| 184096540 | The honeymoon phase | initial euphoria and excitement | |
| 184096541 | disenchantment phase | disillusionment and even hostility towards the new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs. | |
| 184096542 | beginning resolution phase | recovery as confidence and understanding of the new culture grows. | |
| 184096543 | effective functioning stage | adjustment as the individual learns how to fit into the new cultural environment. | |
| 184096544 | Acculturation | changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture. This can be considered a process of integration where people adopt and adapt aspects on the new culture they enter, while still retaining many elements of their cultural heritage | |
| 184096545 | Assimilation | Involves the absorption into the dominant culture and abandonment of their traditional culture | |
| 184096546 | Fusion | combining two cultures to form a new culture | |
| 184096547 | Alternation | involves bicultural competence | |
| 184096548 | Multiculturalism | Maintaining distinct cultural identities within a single multicultural social structure | |
| 184096549 | Ethnic Identity | a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership. Ashared sense of peoplehood | |
| 184096550 | Personal Identity | your sense of yourself as a unique individual | |
| 184096551 | Personal Identity | reflects what we feel is unique about us, and the combination of our own particular values , traits, abilities likes, aspirations and life history. | |
| 184096552 | Social Identity | the perception that we are part of a larger social group and share with other group members salient attributes such as values, meanings and goals | |
| 184096553 | How and why do we use stereotypes? | To make life easier, we use stereotypes as a type of mental categorisation, so we can more efficiently process information. We use stereotypes as a guide to provide a general context about that person | |
| 184096554 | Xenophobia | fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. Based on a broad stereotype about any cultures difference to your own | |
| 184096555 | Cultural Stereotypes | generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people- the belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits or behaviours. (i.e. all Americans are loud; all muslims are terrorists) | |
| 184096556 | Ethnocentrism | the tendency for a persons own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world. | |
| 184096557 | Prejudice | having an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group of people. Negatively pre-judging | |
| 184096558 | Racial prejudice | where people develop negative stereotypes about members of another racial group or a cultural practice. (i.e Aboriginals) | |
| 184096559 | Racism | the pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority Belief that one racial group is superior to another | |
| 184096560 | Discrimination | the behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes. And example would be a bank refusing to lend money to a person simply on the basis of their ethnic or cultural background | |
| 184096561 | macro level - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Federal and state governments should lead the way in the form of legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing the incidence of racism | |
| 184096562 | The institutional level - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism and conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding. | |
| 184096563 | Psychology - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute. | |
| 184096564 | Individual - ways to reduce prejudice & racism | Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues | |
| 184096565 | contact hypothesis | the more contact there is between people from different groups, the more they will break down any barriers or prejudices | |
| 184096566 | discursive psychology | ways to combat racism by understanding the power of conversation | |
| 184096567 | Indigenous people | original inhabitants of a land or country | |
| 184096568 | Indigenous Psychology | psychology that promotes psychologies that are not imposed, that are influenced by the cultural context in which people live, that are developed from within the culture, and that result in locally relevant psychological knowledge. | |
| 184096569 | Aboriginality | a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live | |
| 184096570 | Traditional aboriginal communities | spiritual identity was closely associated with the land and the environment, geography also influenced belief systems and religious practices | |
| 184096571 | How is education is influenced by culture? | • different cultures develop different education systems to meet their needs. • important that education systems create inclusive learning environments for students, especially in multicultural countries • ensure that teachers are both aware of and sensitive to the histories, cultures, languages and learning styles of students with different cultural backgrounds | |
| 184096572 | Describe some of the efforts by psychologists to improve cross-cultural relationships. | Psychologists need to recognise that culture does influence the way we think and behave and be aware of their own cultural background, heritage and biases. Cultural competence refers to a psychologist's effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture, both in terms of understanding and being understood. This requires psychologists to become familiar with the personal history and cultural experience of people they work with, and to appreciate and respect cultural diversity | |
| 184167422 | homogenous | Culture is a difficult construct to identify because it is not | |
| 184167423 | an emic perspective | The approach to cross-cultural psychology that that takes a particular theory and applies it to an INDIVIDUAL culture is termed | |
| 184167424 | fluidly and loosely related | Cultures differ in their time perspective and orientation. In polychronic cultures, time is divided | |
| 184167425 | low-context cultures | Cultures in which close attention is paid to what people are actually SAYING or DOING, and where this is literally interpreted are | |
| 184167426 | honeymoon phase | Ping is a newly arrived student from Malaysia. She has spent the first few weeks exploring the campus, looking around the city, and settling into campus life. Ping is in which phase of culture shock | |
| 184167427 | acculturation | The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture is referred to as | |
| 184167428 | acculturation | This can be considered a process of integration, where people adopt and adapt aspects of the new culture they enter, while still retaining many elements of their own cultural heritage. | |
| 184167429 | ethnic identity | Within multicultural populations such as those in Australia and New Zealand, many groups defines themselves not only by nationality but also by | |
| 184167430 | gender | An integral part of our personal identity is our: | |
| 184167431 | ethnocentrism | The tendency for a person's own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world is known as | |
| 184167432 | What is ethnocentrism? | Ethnocentrism can be defined as the tendency for a person's own cultural values, standards, attitudes, and behaviours as the measure by which they judge the way other people think and behave. | |
| 184167433 | discrimination | The behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes is | |
| 184167434 | old-fashioned prejudice | OPENLY EXPRESSED and practiced discrimination against people of particular cultures is known as | |
| 184167435 | Define old-fashioned prejudice | Old-fashioned" prejudice is expressed overly and blatantly while modern prejudice is much more subtle | |
| 184167436 | cooperative tasks | The approach to reducing racism and prejudice that involves getting people together from different cultural backgrounds to work COOPERATIVELY is known as | |
| 184167437 | cooperative tasks | This approach has been successful in settings such as schools and universities and was demonstrated in Aronson's "jigsaw" classroom activity | |
| 184167438 | 250 | When the British arrived in Australia, the number of separate languages was estimated at | |
| 184167439 | biologically inferior | According to social DARWINIAN theory, the Aboriginal people were viewed as | |
| 184167440 | biologically inferior | Under this view, there was a struggle for survival in which only the "fittest" culture would survive - so the extinction of the Aboriginal people was thought not only inevitable, but even beneficial. | |
| 184167441 | assimilation | Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation: | |
| 184167442 | kinship affiliation | The traditional foundation of community life in the Torres Straight Islands was (THINK KIN & TIES) | |
| 184167443 | kinship affiliation | Elders were leaders of the KINSHIP groups who regulated many aspects of daily life such as observance of rituals and enforcement of traditional law. (THINK KIN & TIES) | |
| 184167444 | island custom | When using the term "Ailan Kaston", people from the Tiwi ISLANDS are referring to: | |
| 184167445 | island custom | The term is used to describe the unique cultures of the ISLANDERS particularly the lack of division between spiritual and secular life | |
| 184167446 | to ignite the breath | The term HAKA literally means (THINK aaaaaaaaaahhhh) | |
| 184167447 | tribal geneology and family structures; traditional lands; traditional lands | A sense of identify for Maori people came from their links to | |
| 184167448 | discursive psychology | Communication practices are at the heart of which relatively new approach in PSYCHOLOGY | |
| 184167449 | Aboriginality | An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live. | |
| 184167450 | acculturation | The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture. It can also mean competence in a second culture without complete acceptance | |
| 184167451 | alternation | Acculturation that involves BICULTURAL competence (THINK ALTERNATING BETWEEN THE 2) | |
| 184167452 | assimilation | (In cultural psychology) acculturation that involves ABSORPTION into the dominant culture and abandonment of the traditional culture | |
| 184167453 | chronemics | The use of time in communication | |
| 184167454 | collectivist cultures | CULTURES that emphasise the GROUP over individuals | |
| 184167455 | contact hypothesis | The hypothesis that the more CONTACT there is between people from different groups, the more they will break down any barriers or prejudices. | |
| 184167456 | conversational distance | How CLOSE people stand to each other when they are TALKING | |
| 184167457 | cross-cultural comparison studies | Research that involves COMPARING TWO or MORE different CULTURES in relation to a particular psychological variable | |
| 184167458 | cross-cultural psychologists | Psychologists who compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across different societies or cultures | |
| 184167459 | cross-cultural validation studies | Research that examines whether a psychological variable in one culture can be applied and have meaning in another culture | |
| 184167460 | cultural competence | A person's effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture, both in terms of UNDERSTANDING and being understood | |
| 184167461 | cultural display rules | The theory that CULTURE differ in relation to rules on the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances | |
| 184167462 | cultural psychologists | Psychologists who study the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in | |
| 184167463 | cultural stereotypes | GENERALISED views that we hold about particular groups of people — the belief that all members of a particular CULTURAL group share common traits or behaviours | |
| 184167464 | culture | The shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable the members of that group to co-exist and survive | |
| 184167465 | culture shock | The feeling of disorientation and ANXIETY that occurs as people from one culture ENCOUNTER and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture | |
| 184167466 | discrimination | The behavioural component of prejudiced attitudes | |
| 184167467 | discursive psychology | An approach to psychology that treats spoken and WRITTEN text as contributing to the construction of people's reality, not just a reflection of underlying cognition (THINK CURSIVE WRITTING) | |
| 184167468 | emic perspective | A research approach that involves focusing on a SPECIFIC cultural GROUP and examining particular psychological aspects of that group | |
| 184167469 | enculturation | The process of ABSORBING and INTERNALISING the rules of the culture we live in | |
| 184167470 | ethnic identity | The characteristic whereby members of an ETHNIC group IDENTIFY 'us' in relation to 'them' using aspects of shared culture, language or religion | |
| 184167471 | ethnicity | The characteristic of shared geographic, language, cultural and religious ORIGINS | |
| 184167472 | ethnocentrism | The tendency for a person's own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world | |
| 184167473 | etic perspective | A research approach that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures (THINK MANY) | |
| 184167474 | fusion | Acculturation that involves COMBINING two cultures to form a new culture | |
| 184167475 | haptics | The use of touch to accompany communication. | |
| 184167476 | high-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to NON-VERBAL signs like body language and conversational difference to decode the real meaning behind words or actions | |
| 184167477 | indigenous people | The ORIGINAL inhabitants of a land or country. | |
| 184167478 | indigenous psychology | Promotes psychologies that are not imposed; that are influenced by the cultural contexts in which people live; that are developed from within the culture; and that result in locally relevant psychological knowledge (THINK NATIVE TO HABITIAT) | |
| 184167479 | individualism-collectivism continuum | A dimension of culture measured by the extent to which cultures favour INDIVIDUAL goals compared with COMMUNAL goals. | |
| 184167480 | individualist cultures | Cultures that emphasise the primacy of the INDIVIDUAL over the group | |
| 184167481 | kinesics | The use of gestures, movements and facial expressions | |
| 184167482 | loose cultures | Cultures in which norms are unclear or deviance from norms is tolerated | |
| 184167483 | low-context cultures | Cultures that pay close attention to what people actually say or do and interpret that literally, without as much regard to the accompanying circumstances | |
| 184167484 | matched samples | Samples in which individuals from one culture reflect the SAME characteristics of individuals from another culture | |
| 184167485 | monochronic cultures | Cultures in which time is divided into linear segments and closely regulated | |
| 184167486 | multiculturalism | A situation where MULTIPLE CULTURES exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those minority cultures is significant | |
| 184167487 | oculesics | The use of eye movements and eye contact (THINK OCULAR) | |
| 184167488 | Pakeha | Non-Maori. | |
| 184167489 | personal identity | A sense of who we are as individuals | |
| 184167490 | pluralism | A situation where there is general acceptance not just of the existence of MANY different cultural and ethnic groups but also of their right to retain their cultural heritage and coexist (THINK PLURAL) | |
| 184167491 | polychronic cultures | Cultures in which time is much more fluid and less closely regulated | |
| 184167492 | prejudice | Judging people based on negative stereotypes (THINK PRE-JUDGE) | |
| 184167493 | proxemics | The use of space between people while communicating (THINK PROXIMITY/DISTANCE) | |
| 184167494 | racial prejudice | NEGATIVE stereotypes about members of another RACIAL group or a cultural practice | |
| 184167495 | racism | The pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority | |
| 184167496 | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | A hypothesis that suggests that speakers of different languages actually think differently, and do so because of the differences in their languages | |
| 184167497 | social constructionism | The postmodern theory that there are no universal truths because people are continually constructing knowledge based on their own individual and cultural experiences | |
| 184167498 | social identity | Our sense of belonging to a larger group | |
| 184167499 | tight cultures | Cultures in which group members are expected to CLOSELY adhere to cultural norms and expectations | |
| 184167500 | unpackaging studies | Studies that try to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence in a particular aspect. | |
| 184167501 | xenophobia | The use of vocal cues such as pitch, volume and tempo | |
| 184167502 | sex | The BIOLOGICAL attributes that differentiate males from females | |
| 184167503 | gender | The PSYCHOLOGICAL meaning of being male or female; the roles and behaviours that cultures deem appropriate for men and women |
