Terms : Hide Images
| 4820813679 | Canadian Shield | First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level. |  | 0 |
| 4820813680 | Incas | Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces in 1532. They developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the Andes Mountains. |  | 1 |
| 4820813681 | Aztecs Native | American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortez. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute. They came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies. |  | 2 |
| 4820813682 | Nation-states | The term commonly describes these societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality. | 3 | |
| 4820813683 | Cahokia (ca. 1100 C.E.) | This is a Mississippian (mound builders) settlement near present day St. Louis that was home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. |  | 4 |
| 4820813684 | Three-sister farming | Agricultural system used by North American Indians as early as 1000 C.E.; maize (corn), beans, and squash were grown together to maximize harvests. |  | 5 |
| 4820813685 | Middlemen | In trade, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and retail merchant that sell to consumers. After the 11th Century, European exploration was largely driven by a desire to get Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen. | 6 | |
| 4820813686 | Caravel | Small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa, which had previously been made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey. |  | 7 |
| 4820813687 | Plantation | Large scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops (crops for sale) and usually employing slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean (West Indies), and the American South. |  | 8 |
| 4820813688 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. |  | 9 |
| 4820813689 | Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 | Signed by Spain and Portugal, it divided the territories of the New World. Spain received most of the territories in the Americas, and Portugal was compensated with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. |  | 10 |
| 4820813690 | Encomienda | Spanish government's policy to "commend" or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. This was part of a broader effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and in North America. |  | 11 |
| 4820813691 | Noche triste (June 30, 1520) | Called the "sad night" when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortez and his forces in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortez laid siege to the city the following year, beginning the fall of the Aztec empire and bringing three centuries of Spanish rule. | 12 | |
| 4820813692 | Capitalism | Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open markets. European colonization of the Americas helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism. |  | 13 |
| 4820813693 | Mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. |  | 14 |
| 4820813694 | Conquistadores | 16th Century Spaniards who settles across the Americas, from present day Colorado to Argentina, resulting in the eventual conquest of the Aztec and Incan empires. |  | 15 |
| 4820813695 | Battle of Acoma (1599) | The battle was fought between Spaniards under Don Juan Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present day New Mexico. The Spanish crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory of New Mexico in 1609. | 16 | |
| 4820813696 | Pope's Rebellion (1680) | Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico. |  | 17 |
| 4820813697 | Black Legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christianity. | 18 | |
| 4820813700 | Christopher Columbus | Genovese (Italian) explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia. Columbus | 19 | |
| 4820813701 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish conquistador who ventured from western Mexico through present day Arizona and up to present day Kansas in search of the fabled "city of gold". No gold was discovered. |  | 20 |
| 4820813702 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532 and founded the city of Lima, Peru. |  | 21 |
| 4820813703 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Reform minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies. |  | 22 |
| 4820813704 | Hernan Cortez | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain. |  | 23 |
| 4820813705 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | Indian slave woman who was an interpreter for Hernan Cortez on his conquest of the Aztecs. She later married one of Cortez's soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain. |  | 24 |
| 4820813706 | Moctezuma | Last of the Aztec rulers, who saw his powerful empire crumble under the force of the Spanish invasion led by Hernan Cortez. |  | 25 |
| 4820813707 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | Italian explorer sent by England's King Henry VII to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498. |  | 26 |
| 4820813708 | Robert de La Salle | French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680s. |  | 27 |
| 4820813709 | Father Junipero Serra | Franciscan priest who established the chain of missions along the California coast, beginning in San Diego in 1769, with the goal to convert the native peoples to Christianity and civilize them. |  | 28 |
