AP Psychology Motivation, Work, Emotions, Stress, and Health
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| 588999344 | Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 0 | |
| 588999345 | Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 1 | |
| 588999346 | Motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior | 2 | |
| 588999347 | Instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned | 3 | |
| 588999348 | Drive-Reduction Theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need | 4 | |
| 588999349 | Homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level | 5 | |
| 588999350 | Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active | 6 | |
| 588999351 | Abraham Maslow | hierarchy of needs; humanist | 7 | |
| 588999352 | Set Point | The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. | 8 | |
| 588999353 | Basal Metabolic Rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure | 9 | |
| 588999354 | Anorexia Nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. | 10 | |
| 588999355 | Bulimia Nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise | 11 | |
| 588999356 | Sexual Response Cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution | 12 | |
| 588999357 | Refractory Period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm | 13 | |
| 588999358 | Sexual Disorder | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning | 14 | |
| 588999359 | Estrogens | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity | 15 | |
| 588999360 | Testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty | 16 | |
| 588999361 | Sexual Orientation | An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) | 17 | |
| 588999362 | Industrial-Organizational Psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 18 | |
| 588999363 | Human Factors Psychology | a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use | 19 | |
| 588999364 | Personnel Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development | 20 | |
| 588999365 | Organizational Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change | 21 | |
| 588999366 | Achievement Motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard | 22 | |
| 588999367 | Task Leadership | goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals | 23 | |
| 588999368 | Social Leadership | group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support | 24 | |
| 588999369 | Structured Interviews | interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales | 25 | |
| 588999370 | Emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience | 26 | |
| 588999371 | James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli | 27 | |
| 588999372 | Cannon-Bard Theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion | 28 | |
| 588999373 | Schachter Two-Factor Theory | the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal | 29 | |
| 588999374 | Catharsis | Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. | 30 | |
| 588999375 | Polygraph | A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). | 31 | |
| 588999376 | Subjective Well-Being | self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. | 32 | |
| 588999377 | Adaptation-Level Phenomenon | our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience | 33 | |
| 588999378 | Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. | 34 | |
| 588999379 | Relative Deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself | 35 | |
| 588999380 | Behavioral Medicine | an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease | 36 | |
| 588999381 | Health Psychology | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine | 37 | |
| 588999382 | Stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging | 38 | |
| 588999383 | General Adaptation Syndrome | Seylye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion | 39 | |
| 588999384 | Coronary Heart Disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries | 40 | |
| 588999385 | Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people | 41 | |
| 588999386 | Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people | 42 | |
| 588999387 | Psychophysiological Illness | literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches | 43 | |
| 588999388 | Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods | 44 | |
| 588999389 | Problem-Focused Coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly--by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor | 45 | |
| 588999390 | Emotion-Focused Coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. | 46 | |
| 588999391 | Aerobic Exercise | sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety | 47 | |
| 588999392 | Biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension | 48 | |
| 588999393 | Need | a physiological necessity for survival, like food and water | 49 | |
| 588999394 | Drive | an aroused tension state, like hunger or thirst | 50 | |
| 588999395 | Arousal Theory | different people perform better at different levels of arousal; Yerkes-Dodson Law, which says that different tasks require different levels of arousal in order to have motivation to do them (boring or simple tasks often require high arousal levels while fun or hard tasks require less arousal) | 51 | |
| 588999396 | William James | (regarding emotion) James-Lange theory; thought we could control our emotions by acting out other emotions that we want to feel | 52 | |
| 588999397 | Alfred Kinsey | sexologist; did research on human sexuality | 53 | |
| 588999398 | Stanley Schachter | worked with Singer to develop the two-factor theory; did experiments to test the spillover effect | 54 | |
| 588999399 | Hans Selye | general adaptation syndrome; helped make stress a major concept in medicine and psychology; studied animals' reactions to various stressors | 55 | |
| 588999400 | Approach-Approach | each option is beneficial (win-win) | 56 | |
| 588999401 | Avoidance-Avoidance | each option is bad (lose-lose) | 57 | |
| 588999402 | Approach-Avoidance | there is one option that has both pros and cons | 58 | |
| 588999403 | Multiple Approach-Avoidance | there are multiple options that each have pros and cons | 59 | |
| 588999404 | Flow | a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. | 60 | |
| 588999405 | Psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health | 61 |
