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| 96354443 | agricultural village | small, mostly egalitarian settlement of people who were "farmers" as opposed to nomadic hunter/gatherers; appearing c. 10,000BCE | 0 | |
| 96354444 | fertile crescent/Mesopotamia | where the first agricultural villages appear c.10,000 BCE; land bewtween the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; earliest site of innovative urbanization | 1 | |
| 96354445 | Sumer | An ancient region of city-states in southern Mesopotamia which rose around 3300 B.C. The first site of urbanization in Mesopotamia and is credited with inventing the first writing system. | 2 | |
| 96354446 | Sargon of Akkad | A conqueror from Akkad (north of Sumer) who took over the Sumerian city-states in the fertile crescent, leading the world's first empire in . | 3 | |
| 96354447 | Gilgamesh | the king/god/hero of Uruk who searched for immortality, not acheiving it but maintaining legendary Sumerian status | 4 | |
| 96354448 | ziggurat | a temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, made of square/rectangular terraces of decreasing size, w/ a shrine on top; each was home to the city's god | 5 | |
| 96354449 | pictograms | picture representations of the objects of writing, first developed c. 3000BCE | 6 | |
| 96354450 | cuneiform | wedge-shaped signs that were the culmination of written language in Sumer c. 2400BCE; for business purposes at first | 7 | |
| 96354451 | ideograms | written language where the idea of a thing is represented rather than it name; i.e. Chinese | 8 | |
| 96354452 | Code of Hammurabi | 1750BCE; legal code of 282 laws of King Hammurabi which gives | 9 | |
| 96354453 | Shang Dynasty | first Dynasty in China; Anyang was the last capital, first form of Chinese writing appeared in oracle bones (c. | 10 | |
| 96354454 | ma'at | Egyptian idea of justice and peace, which the king, or pharoah, was in charge of maintaining | 11 | |
| 96354455 | pyramid | massive tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom using human labor | 12 | |
| 96354456 | Old Kingdom | period of Egypt bewtween 2700 BCE - 2200 BCE.; Upper and Lower Egypt seperate (?), later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization, built the pyramids | 13 | |
| 96354457 | Middle Kingdom | period of Egypt between 2050 BCE. - 1800 BCE.: new dynasty reunites Egypt; capital in Thebes; irrigation projects including canal between NIle and Red Sea for trade to coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory: Nubia, Syria. | 14 | |
| 96354458 | Aryans | Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India (no one realy knows where from) 1500 and 1000 BCE; established caste system in Indus valley | 15 | |
| 96354459 | caste system | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society | 16 | |
| 96354460 | Babylonians | ancient people of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley; their civilization flourishes under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declines after 562 BCE. and falls to Persia in 539BCE. | 17 | |
| 96354461 | Hittites | Indo-Europeans who settled in highlands of Anatolia in 2000 BCE, first Indo-Europeans to make use of iron | 18 | |
| 96354462 | Zhou Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Daoism; | 19 | |
| 96354463 | oracle bones | animal bones that were inscribed w/ markings, placed in fire, tapped, cracks read to predict the future; a crucial development in Chinese civilization--writing | 20 | |
| 96354464 | sage kings | Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians. | 21 | |
| 96354465 | Anyang | the last ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty; had previously changed constantly | 22 | |
| 96354466 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the will of Heaven to grant power to the proper ruler of China; used by other dynasties to justify overthrowing | 23 | |
| 96354467 | Nubia | an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile | 24 | |
| 96354468 | Olmecs | "The Rubber People;" (1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) civilization lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups. Famous for giant stone heads | 25 | |
| 96354469 | Teotihuancan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.-750 A.D.). It's population was 150,000 in its peak in 600 CE; largest city in the Americas; remembered for giant Pyramid of the Sun | 26 | |
| 96354470 | Maya | ancient people of the Yucatan peninsula who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture, pottery and astronomy | 27 | |
| 96354471 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 28 | |
| 96354472 | Chavin | the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. | 29 | |
| 96354473 | Nok Culture | earliest known West African culture; consisted of farmers, first to smelt iron weapons and tools; traded; Settled in Jenne-Jenno near Niger river, also located on important trade routes | 30 | |
| 96354474 | Zapotecs | Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) | 31 | |
| 96354475 | hegemony | imperial conquest where the conquered peoples willingly accept their new rulers if they can be convinced it's in their best interest | 32 | |
| 96354476 | dominance | when a group rules over another group, imposing laws often through force | 33 | |
| 96354477 | Athens | a Greek city-state; the birthplace of democracy, the Parthenon | 34 | |
| 96354478 | oligarch | small, elite group of rulers that retained political institutions after the founding of the Roman Republic, their armies as a center of power | 35 | |
| 96354479 | democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them; put into place by the Athenians of Greece | 36 | |
| 96354480 | Indo-European | People from around the the Black Sea and the Caspian sea; Between 2500 and 2000 BC, they migrated all over Eurasia; known as Hittites or Aryans, became ancestors of Romans and Greeks | 37 | |
| 96354481 | Solon | Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt; citizens gained more power | 38 | |
| 96354482 | Assyrians | known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 39 | |
| 96354483 | hoplite | a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece; moved around in groups called phalanxes | 40 | |
| 96354484 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.); expanded Egypt throught trade; adopted all pharaonic customs, including wearing the false beard | 41 | |
| 96354485 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC | 42 | |
| 96354486 | triumvirate | unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus formed 60 BCE. After Caesar's murder in 44BCE, another coalition w/ heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus appointed to keep public order | 43 | |
| 96354487 | Alexander the Great | successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism was his greatest achievement | 44 | |
| 96354488 | Julius Caesar | 58 BC became governor and military commander of the Roman province of Gaul; part of the first Triumvirate; first emperor of Rome | 45 | |
| 96354489 | Hellenistic | a word meaning to "imitate Greeks"; Greek-speaking civilization which spread through many lands of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond following the conquests of Alexander the Great | 46 | |
| 96354490 | satrapy | the twenty provinces that Darius divided the Persian empire into; each province was ruled by a governor | 47 | |
| 96354491 | Cyrus the Great | first Persian king, founded Persian empire 559BC, known for benevolent ruling,ex. freed Jews | 48 | |
| 96354492 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; cosmic struggle over good and bad; influenced by Judaism and Christianity | 49 | |
| 96354493 | Hyksos | the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes. | 50 | |
| 96354494 | Minoans | earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C | 51 | |
| 96354495 | New Kingdom | the period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about1570 to 1075 B.C.; the time period when they reached their apex | 52 | |
| 96354496 | Mycenaeans | an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; conquered the Minoans in Crete in about 1400 B.C. | 53 | |
| 96354497 | Akhenaten | early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC); monotheism | 54 | |
| 96354498 | polis | ancient Greek city-state | 55 | |
| 96354499 | Pax Romana | "The Roman Peace;" the state of comparative concord prevailing w/in the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus to that of Marcus Aurelius enforced by Roman rule and military control; 27BCE-180CE | 56 | |
| 96354500 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 57 | |
| 96354501 | plebian | a citizen of ancient Rome who was not a member of the privileged patrician class; from the later Republican period, the term implied low social class | 58 | |
| 96354502 | paterfamilias | the head of a family or household in Roman law--always a male--and the only member to have full legal rights; he had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death("pater"="father") | 59 | |
| 96354503 | Octavian Augustus | Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome | 60 | |
| 96354504 | Mark Antony | Caesar's contemporary, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide | 61 | |
| 96354505 | Cleopatra VII | Ruler of egypt 51-30BC, mistress of Caesar, mother of Caesarion (Ptolemy XV). After Cesar's asassination, Cleopatra became the mistress of the Roman general Marc Antony | 62 | |
| 96354506 | Battle of Actium | battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. | 63 | |
| 96354507 | stoicism | Human reason is the source of virtue, perfection, and happiness | 64 | |
| 96354508 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159) | 65 | |
| 96354509 | Edict of Milan | a ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire. | 66 | |
| 96354510 | oligarchy | a system of government in which a small group holds power | 67 | |
| 96354511 | Warring States period | the period from 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC when regional warlords battled amongst each other and there was no ruler | 68 | |
| 96354512 | legalism | school of Chinese philosophy that appeared in the Warring States Pd., had great influence in the policies of the Qin Dynasty; believed social harmony attained through strong government control and imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely | 69 | |
| 96354513 | Daoism | a mystical Chinese philosophy that wasn't directly applicable to government, but for private life solace; teachings were paradoxical; emphasis on simplicity and diminished need for government; founder Laozi(c.604-517BCE); facilitated acceptance of Buddhism | 70 | |
| 96354514 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (200BCE to 200CE) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; exam as way of social promotion; Confucian | 71 | |
| 96354515 | Liu Bang | helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor and founder of Han dynasty, was a soldier and worked way up to emperor | 72 | |
| 96354516 | Wudi | ruled the chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; | 73 | |
| 96354517 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic | 74 | |
| 96354518 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 221 BCE to 210 BCE) that established the first centralized Chinese imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 75 | |
| 96354519 | Qin Shi Huangdi | unified Warring States of China; known for his book burning; not popular, scholars and poor people hated him; built great wall to protect china; legalist | 76 | |
| 96354520 | Confucius | (551-479BCE) Chinese philosopher who believed moral order came from good, educated officials(men of "jen"); emphasize on schools and hierarchy; ideal that moral leader is a gentleman made, not born("junzi"); created school of philosophy that dominated Han Dynasty thinking | 77 | |
| 96354521 | Indo-Aryan | a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages; people named for their language that migrated into Indus valley; started Vedas and caste system | 78 | |
| 96354522 | brahmin | A priest who held the highest position in Aryan society | 79 | |
| 96354523 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 80 | |
| 96354524 | Mauryan Empire | the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India | 81 | |
| 96354525 | Siddartha Guatama | the first Buddha who set forth the Four Noble Truth, The Middle Way to Nirvana, and The Eight-fold Path. | 82 | |
| 96354526 | Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism | 83 | |
| 96354527 | Chandra Gupta I | Established the Gupta Empire but came form no historical background. He married a princess of the powerful Licchaui lineage and named himself after the founder of the Mauryan Empire. | 84 | |
| 96354528 | Hunas | The group who attacked the Guptas, leading to their fall. (also related to the groups that invade China and Rome) | 85 | |
| 96354529 | monsoon | seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia southwest winds during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and northeast winds during the winter; using winds Roman traders could make trip in only 1 year | 86 | |
| 96354530 | Asoka | grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death | 87 | |
| 96354531 | Vedas | sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests | 88 | |
| 96354532 | Chimu | Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. | 89 | |
| 96614322 | republic | a state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution; created by the Romans c.509BCE | 90 |
