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| 49985436 | Renaissance | 15th-century flourish of culture and art in Italy and soon after, the rest of Europe | |
| 49985437 | Printing Press | Renaissance invention that allowed cultural trends to spread accross Europe; resulted in Northern Renaissance | |
| 49985438 | City-States | Renaissance divisions of Italy. Included Florence, Genoa, Duchy of Savoy, Siena, and others | |
| 49985439 | Ciompi Revolt | Florentine revolt due to dissatisfaction with political and economic order in Florence. Soon reverberated into the rest of Italy. | |
| 49985440 | Patrons | wealthy merchants who would support the artistic aspect of the Renaissance by buying art and sponsoring artists. | |
| 50020744 | Humanism | Renaissance focus on the individual | |
| 50020745 | Petrarch | considered father of humanism | |
| 50020746 | Castiglione | Humanist who described the proper man of the Renaissance in The Courtier | |
| 50020747 | Leonardo Bruni | sought to create an educational program for women during the Renaissance, but left out the teachings of public speech, as they would not be useful to women. | |
| 50020748 | Christine de Pisan | Daughter of French King Charles V, recieved a fine humanist education, wrote The City Of Ladies to counter notion that women were inferior to men. | |
| 50020749 | chiaroscuro | 15th-century painting material that made oil paints to enhance three-dimensional effects of the paining | |
| 50020750 | single-point-perspective | perspective that created a vantage point in the distance to add realistic feel to paintings during the Renaissance | |
| 50020751 | Brunelleschi | built the dome over the Cathedral of Florence, the first dome since the collapse of the Roman Empire | |
| 50020752 | High Renaissance | The time between 1400 and 1500 when the Renaissance was at its peak. This was when cultural values were formed, artistic and literary achievements occurred, and Renaissance style was largely defined. | |
| 50020753 | Leonardo De Vinci | Rnaissance inventor, artist, and engineer. His two most famous works being The Last Supper and Mona Lisa | |
| 50020754 | Raphael | Renaissance nice-guy who highly respected the artists of the Renaissance aa well as ancient Greece in The School Of Athens. Painted Michelangelo as being depressed. | |
| 50020755 | Michelangelo | famous renaissance sculptor and painter. Works include King David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel | |
| 50020756 | Erasmus | Critcized the problems of the church in Praise of Folly and was against the Lutheran abandonment of the Church | |
| 50020757 | Sir Thomas More | Northern humanist, wrote Utopia, executed by Henry VIII for refusing to take an oathrecognizing Henry the Head of the Church of England | |
| 50020758 | Albrecht Durer | draftsman whose woodcuts lent support to the Protestant Reformation | |
| 50020759 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) | |
| 50020760 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | |
| 50020761 | Shakespeare | Perhaps the most famous playwrite of his time, this Englishman's works included Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, both of which unwraveled the secrets of the human psyche | |
| 50020762 | Pietism | Notion of a direct relationship between God and the Individual | |
| 50020763 | Indulgences | In ms. Hale's words, "Jesus, Mary, and Joseph had so much extra goodness after they died, people could buy their goodness for a gauranteed spot in heaven!" One of Luther's pet peeves. | |
| 50020764 | John Wycliffe | The Englishman who questioned the worldly wealth of the Church and the miracle of transubstantiation; burned, ground up into ashes, and washed down the Thames | |
| 50020765 | Lollards | Wycliffe's followers | |
| 50020766 | Jan Hus | Bohemian Protestant who lead a revolt that included nationalistic and Religious elements. He was also very upset with the moral behavior of the clergy | |
| 50020767 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 50020768 | Johann Tetzel | seller of indulgences who uttered the famous phrase, "As a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs," | |
| 50020769 | Leo X | Battle Pope, was the Pope during the rise of Lutheranism | |
| 50020770 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw | |
| 50020771 | Transubstantiation | Protestant belief that the elements of communion were only symbolic, rather than real transformation into flesch and blood | |
| 50020772 | Consubstantiation | Catholic belief that the bread and wine really does turn into the flesch and blood of Jesus | |
| 50020773 | Anabaptism | Refomation including the belief that infants should not be baptized and that they need to seek religious ideas on their own | |
| 50020774 | Calvinism | Reformation lead by John Calvin that included predestination and predetermination. Also that having fun was a bad thing | |
| 50020775 | Zwingli | Protestant philosopher who denied all sacraments, including insence, candles, and religious art | |
| 50020776 | Henry VIII | Created the Church of England because of the Holy Roman Empire's rejection of his dicorce to Catherin of Aragon. | |
| 50020777 | Act of Restraint of Appeals | This act declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England, and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy. King Henry VIII used Parliament to legalize the Reformation in England | |
| 50020778 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | |
| 50020779 | Index of Prohibited Books | A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing. | |
| 50020780 | papal inquisition | began about 1232 by Pope Gregory IX, centrally run from Rome in an attempt to be systematic. Wanted to find heretics and persuade them to give up heresy. (involved a lot of torturing) | |
| 50020781 | Council of Trent | an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation | |
| 50020782 | baroque | Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism | |
| 50020783 | Society of Jesus | a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen | |
| 50020784 | Ignatius Loyola | Founder of the Society of Jesus, Spanish nobleman who was wounded in battle and spent his recovery time reading and being inspired by various Catholic tracts | |
| 50020785 | New World | The Americas, produced so much gold that Portugal and Spain's economies suffered from inflation. | |
| 50020786 | Treaty of Lodi | Treaty that provided for a balance of power between Italian city-states | |
| 50020787 | Medici | The super-power family in Italy; the first mafia | |
| 50020788 | Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince, which indicated which emphasizes the responsibilities of a political leader | |
| 50020789 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Two main monarchs in 15th-century Spain | |
| 50020790 | Spanish Inquisition | Brutal campaign led by Roman Catholic Church from 1481 to 1834 to punish nonbelievers including Jews and Muslims (involved a lot of torturing) | |
| 50020791 | Charles V | Habsburg Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, who became the Holy Roman Emperor. | |
| 50035197 | Peace of Augsburg | Signified the end of religious wars in the time of Charles V; recognized that the prince decides the religion of his territory. | |
| 50035198 | Thirty Years' War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | |
| 50035199 | Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War | |
| 50035200 | Frederick | Calvinist Elector of Palatinate, elected king of Bohemia | |
| 50296109 | Defenestration of Prague | In which Bohemian Protestant nobles surrounded two of Ferdinand's Catholic advisors and threw them out of a window into a pile of maneure. | |
| 50296110 | Albrecht von Wallenstien | Bohemian who promised to create a vast mercenary army. Emperor Ferdinand turned to him after Duke of Bavaria. | |
| 50296111 | Edict of Restitution | this edict outlawed Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire and required all Lutherans to turn over all property siezed since 1552. | |
| 50296112 | Gustavus Adolphus | King of Sweden, entered Thirty Years' War to defend Germany and Protestant rights. | |
| 50296113 | Cardinal Richeleu | France's chief minister, supported Gustavus Adolphus' cause. He was concerned about Habsburg strength in Germany. | |
| 50296114 | Germany | Whose towns collapsed and whose agriculture was destroyed by the Thirty Years' War | |
| 50296115 | Edict of Nantes | This edict granted the hugenots freedom of worship and assembly as well as the right to maintain fortified townd for their protection | |
| 50296116 | Cardinal Richelieu | Was the chief minister during the reign of Louis XIII | |
| 50296117 | Cardinal Mazarin | Was the chief minister during the reign of Louis IV | |
| 50296118 | divine right | The belief that the king was the king because God had directed him to be the king. | |
| 50296119 | Jean-Baptiste Colbert | created the system of mercantilism | |
| 50296120 | Mercantilism | building up a nation's supply of gold by only exporting and never importing. | |
| 50296121 | revokation of the Edict of Nantes | Colbert's act of demolishing Hugenot churches and took away their civil rights. | |
| 50296122 | War of Roses | a series of English civil wars that was to determine which aristocratic faction, York or Lancaster, would dominate the Monarchy. Lancaster won and Henry Tudor (Henry VII) became the central authority. | |
| 50296123 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization | |
| 50296124 | Arminius | Dutch theologian who argued in favor of free will, rather than Calvinist theories of Predestination | |
| 50296125 | Oliver Cromwell | English dictator who wanted a strong army and whatever was best for the Commonwealth. He also hated the people of Ireland | |
| 50296126 | Commonwealth | Military dictatorship governed by Cromwell. | |
| 50296127 | Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer, came up with first heliocentric theory, | |
| 50296128 | Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer, tried to come up with different heliocentric theories, sweet moustache | |
| 50296129 | Johannes Kepler | Brahe's student, put observations together to create theory that planets traveled in elipses. | |
| 50296130 | Galileo | Modified telescope, discovered dimples in the moon, ideas were very controvercial | |
| 50296131 | Issac Newton | Came up with laws of motion, came up with gravity theory, invented calculus | |
| 50296132 | Descartes | used deductive reasoning to figure things out, "I Think, tHerefore I am" | |
| 50296133 | Bacon | Used inductive reasoning | |
| 50296134 | Hobbes | Enlightened philosophe who's ideas included the necessity for absolutism to keep a nation from corruption | |
| 50296135 | Locke | Philosophe who believed that all knowledge has to come from experience, rather than force. Believed in Tabula Rossa | |
| 50296136 | Encyclopedia | This book was the brainchild of Denis Diderot, greatest collaborative achievements of the Enlightenment. | |
| 50296137 | Salons | A place in which female philosophes could collaborate and share life lessons | |
| 50296138 | Catherine the Great | Female enlightened despot of Russia | |
| 50296139 | Frederick William | The Great Elector, Prussian ruler | |
| 50296140 | Ivan the Terrible | first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war | |
| 50296141 | Peter the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | |
| 50296142 | Three Estates | Divisions of Eighteenth-century France into Clergy, Aristocracy, and everybody else | |
| 50296143 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 | |
| 50296144 | Tennis Court Oath | The National Assembly's promise to not stop until there was a constitution for France | |
| 50296145 | Great Fear | rumors that the nobility was going to organize thugs to steal from peasants, resulted in peasant attacks on noble estates | |
| 50296146 | Jacobins | most famous of political clubs that emerged throughout France | |
| 50296147 | laissez-faire | the idea that the government should not play an active role in regulating the economy. | |
| 50296148 | Robespierre | revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility |
