23 questions on exam
p. Describe the general functions of the muscular system.
q. Name and describe the three types of muscle tissue relative to the function, histology, and locations of each in the human body.
r. Describe the structure of an entire skeletal muscle from the level of the sub-cellular structures to the whole muscle.
s. Describe the physiology of contraction in skeletal muscle at the fiber (cellular) level, and understand the roles of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase.
t. Explain the significance of the 'motor unit' and the 'all-or-none' principle as related to contraction of muscle fibers.
u. Describe muscle contractions resulting from differing strengths and frequencies of stimuli to illustrate: simple twitch, summation, incomplete and complete tetanus, treppe, and tonus.
v. Describe the metabolic aspects of energy mechanisms which support muscle contraction (glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport.
w. Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue relative to tissue and cellular organization and differences in their rates, forces, and durations of contractions.
x. Identify the connective tissue elements which bind bone to bone and muscle to bone.
y. Recognize the three types of skeletal muscle fibers, emphasizing differences and similarities in force and rate of contraction, preferred cellular respiration, related structures, and stored materials.
Terms : Hide Images
| 2379473591 | The anatomical term for a muscle cell, in skeletal and smooth muscle tissue is: | muscle fiber | 0 | |
| 2379473592 | As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axonal terminals, each of which forms a neruomuscular junction with a single muscle fiber. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a: | motor unit | 1 | |
| 2379473593 | The endomysium is a delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds a/an | skeletal muscle fiber | 2 | |
| 2379473594 | the term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of an entire muscle is a muscle | tetanus | 3 | |
| 2379473595 | the presence of creatine phosphate in the muscle provides | additional energy to the contracting muscle | 4 | |
| 2379473596 | myofibrils are primarily composed of | actin and myosin | 5 | |
| 2379473597 | smooth muscle fibers | form the contractile tissue of the walls of many hollow organs | 6 | |
| 2379473598 | the bending or movement of a limb towards the midline of the body is known as | adduction | 7 | |
| 2379473599 | the energy source that is directly responsible for muscle fiber contraction is | ATP | 8 | |
| 2379473600 | which of the following substances increases in quantity during repetitive muscle contraction? | lactic acid | 9 | |
| 2379473601 | the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is | sarcomere | 10 | |
| 2379473602 | muscle is voluntary | the muscle that extends the arm at the elbow | 11 | |
| 2379473603 | muscles are involuntary | the muscle of the stomach, the muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder, and the muscle in the wall of the heart | 12 | |
| 2379473604 | the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most usually termed a | sarcolemma | 13 | |
| 2379473605 | can best be used to distinuish cardiac muscle from smooth muscle | cardiac muscle is striated | 14 | |
| 2379473606 | in the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the myofilaments slide over each other, resulting in the overlappng of actin and | myosin | 15 | |
| 2379473607 | the segment from one z disc to the next is called a | sarcomere | 16 | |
| 2379473608 | fast-twitch fibers | are white | 17 | |
| 2379473609 | this chemical carries the stimulating message across the neuromuscular junction | acetylcholine | 18 | |
| 2379473610 | the period elapsing between the application of a stimulus and the contraction of a muscle is the | latent period | 19 | |
| 2379473611 | Involuntary Muscle Tissue | Cardiac and Smooth | 20 | |
| 2379473612 | Banded Appearance Muscle Tissue | Cardiac and Skeletal | 21 | |
| 2379473613 | Longitudinally and circularly arranged layers Muscle Tissue | Smooth | 22 | |
| 2379473614 | Dense Connective Tissue Packaging Muscle Tissue | Skeletal | 23 | |
| 2379473615 | Gap Junctions Muscle Tissue | Cardiac and Smooth | 24 | |
| 2379473616 | Coordinated activity allows it to act as a pump Muscle Tissue | Cardiac | 25 | |
| 2379473617 | Moves Bones and the Facial Skin (Muscle Tissue) | Skeletal | 26 | |
| 2379473618 | Referred to as the muscular system (Muscle Tissue) | skeletal | 27 | |
| 2379473619 | voluntary Muscle Tissue | skeletal | 28 | |
| 2379473620 | best at regenerating when injured (Muscle Tissue) | smooth | 29 | |
| 2379473621 | Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle | perimysium | 30 | |
| 2379473622 | just deep to the fascia | epimysium | 31 | |
| 2379473623 | contractile unit of a muscle | sarcomere | 32 | |
| 2379473624 | a muscle cell | fiber | 33 | |
| 2379473625 | thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell | endomysium | 34 | |
| 2379473626 | plasma membrane of the muscle cell | sarcolemma | 35 | |
| 2379473627 | a long filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance | myofibril | 36 | |
| 2379473628 | actin-, myosin-, or titin-containing structure | myofilament | 37 | |
| 2379473629 | cordlike extension of connective tissue beyond the muscle, serving to attach it to bone | tendon | 38 | |
| 2379473630 | a discrete bundle of muscle cells | facicle | 39 | |
| 2379473631 | Muscle Contraction Step 1 | Calcium Ions bind to Troponin | 40 | |
| 2379473632 | Muscle Contraction Step 2 | Troponin changes shape | 41 | |
| 2379473633 | Muscle Contraction Step 3 | Tropomyosin is moved into the groove between the F-actin strands, exposing active sites on actin | 42 | |
| 2379473634 | Muscle Contraction Step 4 | Myosin heads bind to active sites on actin molecules | 43 | |
| 2379473635 | Muscle Contraction Step 5 | Myosin heads pull on the thin filaments (working stroke) and slide them toward the center of the sarcomere. | 44 | |
| 2379473636 | Muscle Contraction Step 6 | ADP and P1 (inorganic phosphate) are released form the thick filament | 45 | |
| 2379473637 | Muscle Contraction Step 7 | ATP binds to the thick filament | 46 | |
| 2379473638 | Muscle Contraction Step 8 | Myosin cross bridges detach from actin | 47 | |
| 2379473639 | Muscle Contraction Step 9 | ATP is hydrolyzed | 48 | |
| 2379473640 | Muscle Contraction Step 10 | Myosin heads return to their high-energy shape (cocked), ready for the next working stroke. | 49 | |
| 2379473641 | Muscle Contraction Step 11 | Cycling continues until calcium ions are sequestered by the SR. | 50 | |
| 2379473642 | Slow Oxidative | aerobic metabolism, large myoglobin stores, fatigue slowly, fibers are small and contain many capillaries and mitochondria | 51 | |
| 2379473643 | Fast Glycolytic | Rapid twitch rate, Fast myosin ATPases, large glycogen stores, fibers are white, anaerobic | 52 | |
| 2379473644 | Fast Oxidative | rapid twitch rate, fast myosin ATPases, aerobic metabolism, large myoglobin stores fibers contain many capillaries and mitochondria | 53 | |
| 2379473645 | Oxidative means | uses oxygen which means they would need mitochondria for energy, would need capillaries for oxygen containing blood and would be red and aerobic | 54 | |
| 2379473646 | What occurs during a muscle cell during excess exercise | decreased ATP, Increased lactic acid, decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide | 55 | |
| 2379473647 | Ionic calcium binds to thick filaments (perhaps to calmodulin) | smooth muscle | 56 | |
| 2379473648 | myosin ATPases are very rapid acting | skeletal muscle | 57 | |
| 2379473649 | total length change possible is 150% | smooth muscle | 58 | |
| 2379473650 | contraction is slow, and seeminly tireless, which saves energy | smooth muscle | 59 | |
| 2379473651 | contractoin duration is always less | skeletal muscle | 60 | |
| 2379473652 | when strectched, contracts vigorously | skeletal muscle | 61 | |
| 2379473653 | ATP is routinely generated by anaerobic pathways | skeletal muscle | 62 | |
| 2379473654 | excited by autonomic nerves | smooth muscle | 63 | |
| 2379473655 | excited by acetylcholine | smooth and skeletal muscle | 64 | |
| 2379473656 | excited by norepinephrine | smooth muscle | 65 | |
| 2379473657 | Muscle type is both voluntary and striated | skeletal muscle only | 66 | |
| 2379473658 | special adaptatoin present in skeletal muscle cells, but absent in most other cells | muscle cells have myoglobin; most other cells do not | 67 | |
| 2379473659 | the final "go" signal for skeletal muscle contraction is ______ | an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels | 68 | |
| 2379473660 | the _____ are extension of the sarcolemma, and serve as rapid communication system that ensures that every myofibril in the muscle fiber contracts at virtually the same time | T tubules | 69 | |
| 2379473661 | the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly on | actin | 70 | |
| 2379473662 | acetylcholinesterase | breaks down acetylcholine | 71 | |
| 2379473663 | myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called | sarcomeres | 72 | |
| 2379473664 | when an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is ______ | the release of acetylcholine form the motor neuron | 73 | |
| 2379473665 | if a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, ___ | the muscle length will not change during contraction | 74 | |
| 2379473666 | properly controlled skeletal muscle contactions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation or the strength of stimulation are accomplished by ___ | graded muscle response | 75 | |
| 2379473667 | the most effiecient means of producing ATP is | aerobic respiration | 76 | |
| 2379473668 | what would occur if a muscle became totally deleted of ATP | the muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges | 77 | |
| 2379473669 | slow oxidative muscle fiber | fatigue resistant | 78 | |
| 2379473670 | fast oxidative muscle fiber | moderately fatigue resistant | 79 | |
| 2379473671 | fast glycolytic muscle fiber | fatigues quickly | 80 | |
| 2379473672 | True about Smooth muscle | contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle tends to be organized in sheets, and smooth muscle is not striated. | 81 | |
| 2379473673 | smooth muscle depends on the calcium-calmodulin system to regulate contractoin while skeletal.... | relies on the calcium-troponin system to regulate contraction | 82 | |
| 2379473674 | just need to do.... | the muscle tissue outcomes then done | 83 |
