These flashcard sets follow along with MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP, 2nd Edition, textbook by David G. Myers. This is Unit 7 (Modules 31-36) and is "Cognition."
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| 5560978539 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system. | 0 | |
| 5560978540 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time. | 1 | |
| 5560978541 | retreival | the process of getting formation out of memory. | 2 | |
| 5560978543 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | 3 | |
| 5560978544 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing. | 4 | |
| 5560978545 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience. | 5 | |
| 5560978546 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information. | 6 | |
| 5560978547 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." | 7 | |
| 5560978548 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | 8 | |
| 5560978549 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information. | 9 | |
| 5560978550 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. | 10 | |
| 5560978551 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second. | 11 | |
| 5560978552 | echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds. | 12 | |
| 5560978553 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. | 13 | |
| 5560978554 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | 14 | |
| 5560978555 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice. | 15 | |
| 5560978557 | shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. | 16 | |
| 5560978558 | deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. | 17 | |
| 5560978559 | hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. | 18 | |
| 5560978560 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | 19 | |
| 5560978561 | long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapses' firing potential after brief, rapids stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | 20 | |
| 5560978562 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | 21 | |
| 5560978563 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. | 22 | |
| 5560978564 | relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time. | 23 | |
| 5560978565 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception. | 24 | |
| 5560978566 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | 25 | |
| 5560978567 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. | 26 | |
| 5560978568 | anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories. | 27 | |
| 5560978569 | retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past. | 28 | |
| 5560978570 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of old information on new information. | 29 | |
| 5560978571 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new information on old information. | 30 | |
| 5560978572 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. | 31 | |
| 5560978573 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | 32 | |
| 5560978574 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. | 33 | |
| 5560978575 | deja vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | 34 | |
| 5560978576 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 35 | |
| 5560978577 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | 36 | |
| 5560978578 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories. | 37 | |
| 5560978579 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. | 38 | |
| 5560978580 | convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. | 39 | |
| 5560978581 | divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions). | 40 | |
| 5560978582 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. | 41 | |
| 5560978583 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. | 42 | |
| 5560978584 | insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. | 43 | |
| 5560978585 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contrary evidence. | 44 | |
| 5560978586 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | 45 | |
| 5560978587 | intution | an effortless, immediate autonomic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | 46 | |
| 5560978588 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. | 47 | |
| 5560978589 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. | 48 | |
| 5560978590 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | 49 | |
| 5560978591 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | 50 | |
| 5560978592 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | 51 | |
| 5560978593 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | 52 | |
| 5560978594 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | 53 | |
| 5560978595 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. | 54 | |
| 5560978596 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | 55 | |
| 5560978597 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | 56 | |
| 5560978598 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | 57 | |
| 5560978599 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | 58 | |
| 5560978600 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs. | 59 | |
| 5560978601 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | 60 | |
| 5560978602 | Broca's area | controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | 61 | |
| 5560978603 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | 62 | |
| 5560978604 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language predetermines the way we think | 63 | |
| 5560978605 | imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | 64 | |
| 5560978606 | Semantic Encoding- | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | 65 |
