Keywords Myers 9th edition
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| 1284333179 | sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | 0 | |
| 1284333180 | perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events | 1 | |
| 1284333181 | bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | 2 | |
| 1284333182 | top-down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations | 3 | |
| 1284333183 | psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them | 4 | |
| 1284333184 | absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time | 5 | |
| 1284333185 | subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness | 6 | |
| 1284333186 | difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the ____ as a just noticeable difference. | 7 | |
| 1284333187 | Weber's Law | Principle that, to be perceived as different; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). | 8 | |
| 1284333188 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | 9 | |
| 1284333189 | wavelength | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. | 10 | |
| 1284333190 | hue | the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. | 11 | |
| 1284333191 | intensity | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude | 12 | |
| 1284333192 | accommodation | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina | 13 | |
| 1284333193 | retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information | 14 | |
| 1284333194 | rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They share bipolar cells, sending combined messages. | 15 | |
| 1284333195 | cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. Cluster in and around the fovea. | 16 | |
| 1284333196 | optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain | 17 | |
| 1284333197 | blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. | 18 | |
| 1284333198 | feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement | 19 | |
| 1284333199 | parallel processing | the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | 20 | |
| 1284333200 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of color | 21 | |
| 1284333201 | opponent process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. | 22 | |
| 1284333202 | color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having ___ ___, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object | 23 | |
| 1284333203 | visual capture | the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us | 24 | |
| 1284333205 | frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second) | 25 | |
| 1284333207 | middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window | 26 | |
| 1284333208 | inner ear | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs | 27 | |
| 1284333209 | cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses | 28 | |
| 1284333210 | gate-control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain | 29 | |
| 1284333211 | sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. When a hard - of -hearing listener sees an animated face forming the words being spoken at the other end of a phone line, the words become easier to understand | 30 | |
| 1284333212 | kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts with sensors located in your joints, muscles, and tendons | 31 | |
| 1284333213 | vestibular sense | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. The biological gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are in your inner ear. The semicircular canals,which look like a three - dimensional pretzel and the vestibular sacs,which connect the canals with the cochlea, contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts. | 32 | |
| 1284333214 | figure-ground | the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings | 33 | |
| 1284333215 | grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | 34 | |
| 1284333216 | depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. | 35 | |
| 1284333217 | visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals | 36 | |
| 1284333218 | gestalt | an organized whole. emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. | 37 | |
| 1284333219 | binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence | 38 | |
| 1284333220 | monocular cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective | 39 | |
| 1284333221 | retinal display | a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the objects | 40 | |
| 1284333222 | convergence | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object | 41 | |
| 1284333223 | perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. Regardless of the viewing angle, distance, and illumination, we can identify people and things in less time than it takes to draw a breath, a feat that challenges even advanced computers and has intrigued researchers for decades. | 42 | |
| 1284333224 | perceptual adaption | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field | 43 | |
| 1284333225 | extrasensory perception (ESP) | perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition | 44 | |
| 1284333226 | parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. | 45 | |
| 1284333227 | All our senses | • receive sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells. • transform that stimulation into neural impulses. • deliver the neural information to our brain. | 46 | |
| 1284333228 | signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. | 47 | |
| 1284333229 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response | 48 | |
| 1284333230 | perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects (top - down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see. | 49 | |
| 1284333231 | Short wavelength | high frequency (bluish colors) | 50 | |
| 1284333232 | Long wavelength | low frequency (reddish colors) | 51 | |
| 1284333233 | Great amplitude | bright colors | 52 | |
| 1284333234 | Small amplitude | dull colors | 53 | |
| 1284333235 | fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. | 54 | |
| 1284333236 | parallel processing | doing many things at once. To analyze a visual scene, the brain divides it into subdimensions—color, motion, form, depth—and works on each aspect simultaneously | 55 | |
| 1284333237 | red | green's opponent color. | 56 | |
| 1284333238 | Proximity | We group nearby figures together. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines. II II II | 57 | |
| 1284333239 | Continuity | We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. | 58 | |
| 1284333240 | Closure | We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. | 59 | |
| 1284333241 | Relative height | We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. Because we assume the lower part of a figure-ground illustration is closer, we perceive it as figure | 60 | |
| 1284333242 | Relative size | If we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away. | 61 | |
| 1284333243 | Interposition | (overlap) If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. | 62 | |
| 1284659800 | Light and shadow | Shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above. | 63 | |
| 1284659801 | Relative motion | As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. If while riding on a bus you fix your gaze on some point— say, a house—the objects beyond the fixation point will appear to move with you. Objects in front of the point will appear to move backward. The farther an object is from the fixation point, the faster it will seem to move. | 64 | |
| 1284659802 | Linear perspective | Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. The sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived distance. | 65 | |
| 1284659803 | color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object | 66 | |
| 1284659804 | size constancy | we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies. We assume a car is large enough to carry people, even when we see its tiny image from two blocks away. | 67 | |
| 1284659805 | shape constancy | we perceive the form of familiar objects, such as the door, as constant even while our retinas receive changing images of them from different angles. | 68 | |
| 1284659806 | John Locke | argued that through our experiences we also learn to perceive the world. Indeed, we learn to link an object's distance with its size. To what extent do we learn to perceive? | 69 | |
| 1284659807 | Immanuel Kant | maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. Indeed, we come equipped to process sensory information. To what extent do we learn to perceive? | 70 | |
| 1284659808 | audition | the sense or act of hearing. | 71 | |
| 1284659809 | pitch | a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency | 72 | |
| 1284659810 | auditory nerve | sends neural messages (via the thalamus) to the auditory cortex in the brain's temporal lobe. | 73 | |
| 1284659811 | auditory hair cells | "quivering bundles that let us hear" thanks to their "extreme sensitivity and extreme speed" | 74 | |
| 1284659812 | sensorineural hearing loss | nerve deafness | 75 | |
| 1284659813 | conduction hearing loss | caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea | 76 | |
| 1284659814 | cochlear implant | the only way to restore hearing for people with nerve deafness is a sort of bionic ear | 77 | |
| 1284659815 | above 85 decibels | Prolonged exposure produces hearing loss | 78 | |
| 1284659816 | How do we detect loudness | the brain can interpret loudness from the number of activated hair cells. | 79 | |
| 1284659817 | place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. an explain how we hear high - pitched sounds but not low - pitched sounds. | 80 | |
| 1284659818 | frequency theory | The brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve. The whole basilar membrane vibrates with the incoming sound wave, triggering neural impulses to the brain at the same rate as the sound wave. If the sound wave has a frequency of 100 waves per second, then 100 pulses per second travel up the auditory nerve. a problem remains: An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second. | 81 | |
| 1284659819 | volley principle | Like soldiers who alternate firing so that some can shoot while others reload, neural cells can alternate firing. By firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 waves per second. | 82 | |
| 1284659820 | The pain circuit | Sensory receptors (nociceptors)respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending an impulse to the spinal cord, which passes the message to the brain, which interprets the signal as pain. | 83 | |
| 1284659821 | nociceptors | sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals | 84 | |
| 1284659822 | Biological influences of pain | - activity in spinal cords large and small fibers - genetic differences in endorphin production - the brains interpretation of CNS activity | 85 | |
| 1284659823 | Psychological influences | - attention to pain - learning based on experience - expectations | 86 | |
| 1284659824 | Social-cultural influences | - presence of others - empathy for others' pain - cultural expectations | 87 | |
| 1284659825 | Sweet | Energy source | 88 | |
| 1284659826 | Salty | Sodium essential to physiological processes | 89 | |
| 1284659827 | Sour | Potentially toxic acid | 90 | |
| 1284659828 | Bitter | Potential poisons | 91 | |
| 1284659829 | Umami | Proteins to grow and repair tissue | 92 | |
| 1284659830 | Taste | is a chemical sense. uses pores that catches food chemicals. receptors reproduce themselves every week or two. | 93 | |
| 1284659831 | smell | is a chemical sense. we ____ something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of 5 million or more receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity | 94 | |
| 1284659832 | smell and memory | The brain's circuitry for smell (red circle) also connects with areas involved in memory storage, which helps explain why a smell can trigger a memory | 95 | |
| 1284659833 | embodied cognition | the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments | 96 | |
| 1284659834 | Vision | Light waves striking the eye. Rods and cones in the retina. | 97 | |
| 1284659835 | Hearing | Sound waves striking the outer ear. Cochlear hair cells in the inner ear | 98 | |
| 1284659836 | Touch | Pressure, warmth, cold on the skin. Skin receptors detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain | 99 | |
| 1284659837 | Taste | Chemical molecules in the mouth Basic tongue receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami | 100 | |
| 1284659838 | Smell | Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose Millions of receptors at top of nasal cavity | 101 | |
| 1284659839 | telepathy | mind - to - mind communication | 102 | |
| 1284659840 | clairvoyance | perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state. | 103 | |
| 1284659841 | psychokinesis | or "mind over matter," such as levitating a table or influencing the roll of a die. | 104 |
