Learning
Terms : Hide Images
| 730608950 | Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 730608951 | Associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 1 | |
| 730608952 | Classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditional stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian conditioning | 2 | |
| 730608953 | Behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) | 3 | |
| 730608954 | Unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 4 | |
| 730608955 | Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response | 5 | |
| 730608956 | Conditioned Response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) | 6 | |
| 730608957 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response | 7 | |
| 730608958 | Acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned response so that the neutral stimulus come to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | 8 | |
| 730608959 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer enforced | 9 | |
| 730608960 | Spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response | 10 | |
| 730608961 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similiar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similiar responses | 11 | |
| 730608962 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish betweena conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 12 | |
| 730608963 | Operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 13 | |
| 730608964 | Respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 14 | |
| 730608965 | Operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 15 | |
| 730608966 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's priniple that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely | 16 | |
| 730608967 | Operant chamber | a chamber, also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research | 17 | |
| 730608968 | Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal | 18 | |
| 730608969 | Reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 19 | |
| 730608970 | Primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 20 | |
| 730608971 | Conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcers; also known as secondary reinforcer | 21 | |
| 730608972 | Continous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 22 | |
| 730608973 | Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 23 | |
| 730608974 | Fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 24 | |
| 730608975 | Variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 25 | |
| 730608976 | Fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 26 | |
| 730608977 | Variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 27 | |
| 730608978 | Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 28 | |
| 730608979 | Cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it | 29 | |
| 730608980 | Latent learning | animals, like people, can learn from experience, with or without reinforcement. After exploring a maze for 10 days, rats received a food reward at the end of the maze. They quickly demonstrated their prior learning of the maze-by immediately doing a well as (and even better than) rats that had been reinforced for running the maze | 30 | |
| 730608981 | Intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective | 31 | |
| 730608982 | Extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 32 | |
| 730608983 | Observational learning | learning by observing others | 33 | |
| 730608984 | Modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 34 | |
| 730608985 | Mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitaiton, language learning, and empathy | 35 | |
| 730608986 | Prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | 36 |
