All Vocabulary terms for chapter 28 in Cambell and Reece 6th edition
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| 5220103515 | Neuron | A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane. | 0 | |
| 5220103516 | Central Nervous System (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord | 1 | |
| 5220103517 | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body | 2 | |
| 5220103518 | Nerve | one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body | 3 | |
| 5220103519 | Ganglia | clusters of nerve cell bodies found along the nerve cords of some animals | 4 | |
| 5220103520 | Sensory Input | The conduction of signals from sensory receptors to processing centers in the central nervous system | 5 | |
| 5220103521 | Integration | to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed | 6 | |
| 5220103522 | Motor Output | The conduction of signals from a processing center in a central nervous system to effector cells | 7 | |
| 5220103523 | Effector Cells | A cell capable of carrying out some action in response to a command from the nervous system | 8 | |
| 5220103524 | Reflexes | an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse | 9 | |
| 5220103525 | Sensory Neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. Afferent neurons | 10 | |
| 5220103526 | Interneurons | central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | 11 | |
| 5220103527 | Motor Neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. Efferent neurons | 12 | |
| 5220103528 | Cell Body | largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm | 13 | |
| 5220103529 | Dendrites | branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons | 14 | |
| 5220103530 | Axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands | 15 | |
| 5220103531 | Glia | cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons, cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning | 16 | |
| 5220103532 | Myelin Sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. | 17 | |
| 5220103533 | Nodes of Ranvier | small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons | 18 | |
| 5220103534 | Synaptic Terminal | A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released | 19 | |
| 5220103535 | Synapse | the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle | 20 | |
| 5220103536 | Stimulus | A change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react. | 21 | |
| 5220103537 | Action Potential | the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted | 22 | |
| 5220103538 | Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. | 23 | |
| 5220103539 | Neurotransmitter | chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell | 24 | |
| 5220103540 | Synaptic Vesicles | tiny oval-shaped sacs in a terminal of one neuron; assist in transferring mineral impulse from one neuron to another neuron by releasing specific neurotransmitters | 25 | |
| 5220103541 | Nerve Net | loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli | 26 | |
| 5220103542 | Cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body | 27 | |
| 5220103543 | Centralization | the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization | 28 | |
| 5220103544 | Nerve Cords | An elongated bundle of axons and dendrites, usually extending longitudinally from the brain or anterior ganglia. One or more nerve cords and the brain make up the central nervous system in many animals. | 29 | |
| 5220103545 | Spinal Cord | a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain | 30 | |
| 5220103546 | Brain | The part of the central nervous system that is located in the skull and controls most functions in the body. | 31 | |
| 5220103547 | Blood-Brain Barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out | 32 | |
| 5220103548 | Ventricles | chambers of the CNS that hold cerebrospinal fluid | 33 | |
| 5220103549 | Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system | 34 | |
| 5220103550 | Meninges | three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater | 35 | |
| 5220103551 | White Matter | whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths | 36 | |
| 5220103552 | Gray Matter | greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers | 37 | |
| 5220103553 | Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain; largely responsible for motor and sensory impulses to and from the face and its accesory organs | 38 | |
| 5220103554 | Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs of nerves coming out from the spinal cord between two vertebrae | 39 | |
| 5220103555 | Somatic Nervous System | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles | 40 | |
| 5220103556 | Autonomic Nervous System | the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and organs and glands | 41 | |
| 5220103557 | Parasympathetic Division | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources. | 42 | |
| 5220103558 | Enteric Division | complex networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; normally regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system | 43 | |
| 5220103559 | Forebrain | top of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, memory aspect of personality | 44 | |
| 5220103560 | Midbrain | the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe | 45 | |
| 5220103561 | Hindbrain | division which includes the cerebellum, Pons, and medulla; responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles | 46 | |
| 5220103562 | Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory | 47 | |
| 5220103563 | Medulla Oblongata | Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. | 48 | |
| 5220103564 | Brainstem | the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus | 49 | |
| 5220103565 | Cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | 50 | |
| 5220103566 | Thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 51 | |
| 5220103567 | Biological Clock | an innate mechanism in living organisms that controls the periodicity of many physiological functions | 52 | |
| 5220103568 | Circadian Rhythmus | Biological clock that regulates, physiological responses within 24 - 25 hour period | 53 | |
| 5220103569 | Cerebral Hemispheres | Two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions | 54 | |
| 5220103570 | Corpus Callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 55 | |
| 5220103571 | Cerebral Cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center | 56 | |
| 5220103572 | Lateralization | the development, prior to birth, of the tendencies of the brain's left and right hemispheres to specialize in certain functions | 57 | |
| 5220103573 | Astrocytes | Glia that provide structural support; facilatate NT transfer at neuron synapse; can improve blood flow in the CNS; help create and maintain the blood brain barrier | 58 | |
| 5220103574 | Microglia | Glia that protect the CNS from invading micro-organisms | 59 | |
| 5220103575 | Radial glia | Glia that can act as stems cells in the development of the CNS during embryonic life | 60 | |
| 5220103576 | Ependymal cells | Glia that line the ventricles of the CNS and help with circulation of the CSF and production of the CSF | 61 | |
| 5220103577 | Oligodendrocytes | Glia cells that produce myelin around axons within the CNS | 62 | |
| 5220103578 | Schwann cells | Glia cells that produce myelin around axons of the PNS neurons | 63 | |
| 5220103579 | Pineal gland | Part of the epithalamus that controls sleep wake cycles & melatonin production | 64 |
