Terms : Hide Images
| 4327901171 | Port 20 | FTP-Send/Recieve TCP | 0 | |
| 4327906469 | Port 21 | FTP-Server Listening TCP | 1 | |
| 4327908449 | Port 22 | SSH - Secure Shell TCP | 2 | |
| 4327913623 | Port 23 | Telnet TCP | 3 | |
| 4327916479 | Port 25 | SMTP TCP | 4 | |
| 4327918648 | Port 53 | Domain Name System TCP/UDP | 5 | |
| 4327926001 | Port 67 | DHCPv4 UDP Client to Server | 6 | |
| 4327929047 | Port 68 | DHCPv4 UDP Server to Client | 7 | |
| 4327933395 | Port 80 | HTTP TCP/UDP | 8 | |
| 4327937160 | Port 161 | Simple network management protocol (SNMP) TCP/UDP | 9 | |
| 4327943045 | Port 443 | HTTPS TCP | 10 | |
| 4327946682 | Port 5060 | Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UDP | 11 | |
| 4327950234 | Port 5061 | SIP - Encrypted UDP | 12 | |
| 4327954279 | H.323 | Signalling protocol for multimedia data | 13 | |
| 4327957527 | MGCP | Media Gateway Control Protocol - used for multimedia data | 14 | |
| 4327961946 | NetBIOS over TCP/IP | Protocol allowing old applications to work on TCP/IP | 15 | |
| 4327965583 | 255.255.255.255 | Broadcast IPv4 | 16 | |
| 4327968803 | 0.0.0.0 | Unassigned IPv4 | 17 | |
| 4327970295 | 127.0.0.1 | Loopback address for your own computer | 18 | |
| 4327973138 | : : 1 | Loopback address in IPv6 | 19 | |
| 4327988138 | ping -a | ICMP echo which tests name resolution and DNS functionality | 20 | |
| 4327995268 | Ping -n | specifies number of pings to send | 21 | |
| 4327997110 | Ping -6 | Ping for IPv6 | 22 | |
| 4327999376 | ipconfig /release | Displays TCP/IP config info. Releases IP address when dynamic addressing is used | 23 | |
| 4328010528 | ipconfig /release6 | Displays TCP/IP config info. Releases IP address when dynamic addressing is used for IPv6 | 24 | |
| 4328012887 | ipconfig /renew | Displays TCP/IP config info. Leases new IP address from DHCP server | 25 | |
| 4328020105 | ipconfig /displaydns | Displays TCP/IP config info. Gives info about name resolutions that windows currently holds in DNS resolver cache | 26 | |
| 4328027649 | ifconfig | Displays TCP/IP config info on UNIX/LINUX OS | 27 | |
| 4328029856 | nslookup x.x.x.x | displays DNS server name assigned to that address | 28 | |
| 4328042858 | nslookup www.website.com | Displays IP address assigned to that DNS name | 29 | |
| 4328053715 | Port Address Translation (PAT) | Assigns a separate TCP port number to each ongoing session between local host and ISP | 30 | |
| 4328065895 | Static Network Address Translation (SNAT) | Gateway assigns same public IP to each host | 31 | |
| 4328074542 | Dynamic Network Address Translation (DNAT) | Gateway assigns a public IP to a local host out of a pool of available public addresses | 32 | |
| 4328088860 | Unicast address | specifies a single node on a network. 2 types: Global and Link local | 33 | |
| 4328091352 | Global address | can be routed on internet | 34 | |
| 4328095468 | Link Local address | used for nodes on same link | 35 | |
| 4328100206 | Multicast address | Packets delivered to all nodes targeted in a multicast group | 36 | |
| 4328103827 | Anycast address | Multiple destinations specified with packets delivered to closest destination | 37 | |
| 4328114912 | Layer 7 | Application | 38 | |
| 4328114913 | Layer 6 | Presentation | 39 | |
| 4328116891 | Layer 5 | Session | 40 | |
| 4328118173 | Layer 4 | Transport | 41 | |
| 4328118174 | Layer 3 | Network | 42 | |
| 4328119989 | Layer 2 | Data Link | 43 | |
| 4328119990 | Layer 1 | Physical | 44 | |
| 4328123784 | Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | Used at Layer 4 (Transport Layer) Connection Oriented: Uses 3 way handshake Sequencing and Checksums Flow Control Called Segment | 45 | |
| 4328133637 | User Datagram Protocol (UDP) | Used at Layer 4 (transport) No error checking or sequencing More efficient than TCP Called Datagram | 46 | |
| 4328138366 | Internet Protocol (IP) | Used at Layer 3 (Network) Called Packet Connectionless No delivery gurantee | 47 | |
| 4328154455 | Internet control message protocol (ICMP) | Reports Success or Failure of data delivery | 48 | |
| 4328161244 | Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) | Discovers the MAC address of a host or node and maintains a database of IP to MAC address for its network | 49 | |
| 4328174683 | Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) | Manages multicast transmissions | 50 | |
| 4328177326 | ICMPv6 | used by IPv6 to perform all functions that ICMPv4, IGMP, and ARP that are performed in IPv4 | 51 | |
| 4328187794 | 4 Characteristics of Routers | Connect Dissimilar networks Interpret layer 3/4 addressing Determine best path from A to B Reroute traffic if path is down | 52 | |
| 4328197697 | Interior Router | Direct data within same autonomous system | 53 | |
| 4328199576 | Border Router (gateway router) | Connects internal routers with outside networks | 54 | |
| 4328204249 | Exterior Router | Directs data between autonomous systems | 55 | |
| 4328213005 | Routing Metrics | Determines best path to destination: Hop Count Theoretical Bandwidth Delay/Latency Load Max Transmission Unit (MTU) Routing Cost Reliability Topology | 56 | |
| 4328222923 | Looking Glass Sites | Remotely Report network routing information on their network | 57 | |
| 4328265372 | SMTP | Handles outbound email | 58 | |
| 4328272747 | IMAP4 | Allows user to read email stored on server | 59 | |
| 4328274088 | POP3 | Downloads email to user computer | 60 | |
| 4328278145 | Remote Desktop | built into windows to provide remote control and uses RDP secure protocol | 61 | |
| 4328285850 | Active Directory | Contains user account info and security credentials for the group of computers on network | 62 | |
| 4328293643 | Remote Desktop Services | Feature allows techs to provide applications to users on Windows server 2008 and later | 63 | |
| 4328307126 | Real Time Protocol (RTP) | Session layer protocol for streaming live VTC | 64 | |
| 4328353348 | A record | stores name to address mapping for host in DNS database | 65 | |
| 4328356984 | AAAA record | stores name to address mapping for host in DNS database in IPv6 | 66 | |
| 4328359027 | CNAME record | holds alternative names for a host in DNS database | 67 | |
| 4328362693 | PTR (pointer) record | used for reverse lookup in DNS database | 68 | |
| 4328366722 | MX (mail exchanger) record | Identifies a mail server in DNS database | 69 | |
| 4328379409 | DNS zone transfer | Process where secondary DNS server requests a database update from primary DNS server | 70 | |
| 4328389827 | Domain Name System (DNS) | Associates computer name with IP address | 71 | |
| 4328394937 | DNS namespace | entire collection of computer names and their associated IP addresses stored in databases | 72 | |
| 4328399287 | DNS name servers | hold databases for names to IP | 73 | |
| 4328409920 | DNS authoritative servers | actually hold computer names and IP addresses for the computers in their domains | 74 | |
| 4328413605 | Top Level Domain Servers (TLD) | Hold info on authoritative servers within the domain (.com, .mil, .org, etc) | 75 | |
| 4328429898 | Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) | First 24 bits of MAC address specific to manufacturing company | 76 | |
| 4328435074 | Device ID | last 24 bits of a MAC address specific to device | 77 | |
| 4328452408 | OSPF | IGP Link state protocol used on border and interior routers | 78 | |
| 4328457157 | Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) | IGP Link State protocol designed for use on interior routers only. Not dependent upon IPv4 like OSPF | 79 | |
| 4328495317 | BGP | Currently only EGP. Spans multiple autonomous systems and used by border and exterior routers across the internet. | 80 | |
| 4328511065 | netstat | Displays all TCP/IP connections on machine including TCP, messages sent and received, IP address, and state of those connections | 81 | |
| 4328525158 | netstat -n | Lists connections, including IP address and port number | 82 | |
| 4328530649 | nbtstat | displays machine NetBIOS name | 83 | |
| 4328568818 | tracert | uses ICMP echo requests to trace the path from one networked node to the other | 84 | |
| 4328590065 | pathping | windows utility like tracert that sends 100 pings to each hop and provides detailed report when complete. mtr on linux or unix | 85 | |
| 4328620878 | Path MTU black hole | error where messages are lost mysteriously. Use ping with different size packets to test where error occurs | 86 | |
| 4328661173 | Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 | Takes 48 bit MAC address and makes 64 bit for IPv6 auto address config | 87 | |
| 4334907908 | Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) | Modern fiber optic multiplexing with extraordinary capacity. Used for WAN | 88 | |
| 4334922713 | Course Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) | Cheaper alternative to DWDM with more space between channels | 89 | |
| 4334944872 | CAT 3 Bandwidth | 10 Mbps | 90 | |
| 4334946914 | CAT 5 Bandwidth | 100 Mbps | 91 | |
| 4334948897 | CAT 5e Bandwidth | 1000 Mbps | 92 | |
| 4334951442 | CAT 6 Bandwidth | 10 Gbps | 93 | |
| 4334954787 | CAT 7 Bandwidth | 10 Gbps | 94 | |
| 4334966902 | TIA/EIA 568A Cabling Standard | GW G OW B BW O BW B | 95 | |
| 4334972331 | TIA/EIA 568B Cabling standard | OW O GW B BW G BW B | 96 | |
| 4334978913 | Straight Through Cable | Connects unlike devices Pinout is the same on both sides | 97 | |
| 4334981374 | Crossover Cable | Connects like devices Pinout has TX/RX wires reversed | 98 | |
| 4334986710 | Rollover Cable | Console cable or Yost cable Pinouts are mirrored between the two ends | 99 | |
| 4335057625 | MT-RJ Connector | Most common type of MM Fiber connection | 100 | |
| 4335073846 | Regeneration | Process of retransmitting a signal | 101 | |
| 4335102261 | Noise | Degrades and distorts signal. Most common source is EMI from motors, power lines, etc | 102 | |
| 4335114365 | Cross Talk | Occurs when a signal travelling on one wire infringes on the signal on an adjacent wire | 103 | |
| 4335126542 | Attenuation | Loss of signal strength as it travels | 104 | |
| 4335140137 | Latency | Delay in travel time over media. Commonly measured by a packets Round Trip Time (RTT) | 105 | |
| 4335157776 | Fiber type mismatch | connecting two fiber cables or adapters with different core size/type | 106 | |
| 4335166224 | Wavelength mismatch | SMF, MMF use different wavelengths and can be mixed accidentally | 107 | |
| 4335205447 | Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) | issues a signal on a cable and measures signal bounce back in order to find bad connectors, crimps, bends, short circuits, and cable mismatches | 108 | |
| 4335217132 | Optical Time Domain Reflectormeters (OTDR) | Tests fiber optic cables to find breaks, bad splices and connections | 109 | |
| 4335259869 | Baud Rate | Measures throughput and bandwidth of analog transmissions | 110 | |
| 4335265721 | Broadband | Multiple signals across a single media | 111 | |
| 4335267953 | Baseband | media is dedicated to a single signal | 112 | |
| 4335453974 | Amplifier | Boosts analog signal | 113 | |
| 4335456089 | Repeater | Boosts digital signal | 114 | |
| 4337689102 | Onboarding | Installing a specific program to device giving it trusted access to portions of network | 115 | |
| 4337691482 | Offboarding | Removing programs that give devices special permission to network - often comes with feature to remote wipe in the event of device theft | 116 | |
| 4345906450 | Reflection | wireless signal is bounced off surface | 117 | |
| 4346647959 | Diffraction | wireless signal splits and some continues through obstacle and some bounce | 118 | |
| 4346672490 | Scattering | Reflection in multiple different directions | 119 | |
| 4346702095 | Unlicensed channels in 2.4 GHz band | 11 | 120 | |
| 4346702126 | Unlicensed channels in 5 GHz band and width of each | 24 channels, each 20 MHz | 121 | |
| 4346710335 | Bluetooth radio band | 2.4 to 2.485 GHz | 122 | |
| 4346720547 | WLANs work on _ Layer | Layer 2, in order to maintain TCP/IP compatibility with wired networks | 123 | |
| 4346734589 | 802.11n special characteristics | Freq band: 2.4 AND 5 GHz Max throughput: 65-600 Mbps Up to 400m range with MIMO | 124 | |
| 4346742682 | 802.11ac characteristics | Freq band: 5 GHz Wave 1: 1.3 Gbps throughput: 3 data streams Wave 2: 3.47 Gbps throughput: 4 data streams Wave 3: 6.93 Gbps throughput: 8 data streams | 125 | |
| 4346756423 | Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidence (CSMA/CA) | required on 802.11 to check transmissions before transmitting data | 126 | |
| 4346775636 | Active Scanning | client transmits probe to look for available wireless network AP | 127 | |
| 4346779566 | Passive Scanning | client listens for beacon frame from available AP. Beacon frame includes SSID | 128 | |
| 4346790331 | Basic Service Set (BSS) | Group of stations sharing an AP | 129 | |
| 4346795878 | Extended Service Set (ESS) | Large WLAN with multiple APs. (same SSID for multiple points) | 130 | |
| 4346818998 | 802.11 MAC header components | Management Frames Control Frames: ACK, RTS/CTS Data Frames | 131 | |
| 4346828707 | Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) | multiple antennas on a AP issues signals to more than one receiver at a time | 132 | |
| 4346836302 | Channel Bonding | 2-8 adjacent 20MHz channels on the 5GHz band can be bound together to increase capacity | 133 | |
| 4346869445 | Aggregated Mac Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) | Frame aggregation technique used to combine frames into larger frames for transmission in order to reduce bandwidth. Starts on 802.11n Much larger frame size capacity than A-MSDU | 134 | |
| 4346882458 | Aggregated Mac Protocol Data Unit (A-MSDU) | Frame aggregation technique used to combine frames into larger frames for transmission in order to reduce bandwidth. Starts on 802.11n Much smaller frame size capacity than A-MPDU | 135 | |
| 4346898517 | MAC Filtering | Setting which prevents devices not on an access list to connect | 136 | |
| 4346916977 | WPA/WPA2 | Protected Access to WiFi which dynamically assigns every transmission its own key. WPA2 has better encryption | 137 | |
| 4346929514 | WPA/WPA2 Enterprise | WPA combined with RADIUS server | 138 | |
| 4346960454 | Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) | Hardware services (servers virtual desktops) are provided remotely | 139 | |
| 4352810188 | Platform as a Service (PaaS) | Operating systems and runtime libraries for multiple OS available remotely, often used by developers | 140 | |
| 4352816404 | Software as a Service (SaaS) | Applications available remotely (gmail, drive, etc) | 141 | |
| 4352822178 | Anything as a Service (XaaS) | Any combination of hardware, software, or app that suits a clients needs | 142 | |
| 4352824123 | Public Cloud | Available to anyone over public transmission lines | 143 | |
| 4352827575 | Private Cloud | Service established on an organizations own servers for private use by employees | 144 | |
| 4352831322 | Community Cloud | Multiple organizations sharing a service which is not available publicly | 145 | |
| 4352833620 | Hybrid Cloud | Combination of other models to form a total solution (company uses gmail but runs private cloud data) | 146 | |
| 4352843799 | Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) | Data link layer Designed to connect point to point but with no encryption | 147 | |
| 4352847535 | Point to Point Protocol (PPP) | Data link layer Uses PPP header and trailer to form PPP frame to encapsulate packets to establish connection between two computers | 148 | |
| 4352874223 | Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) | Microsoft solution for VPN which can connect to multiple clients over any transmission path. Can work with DirectAccess to create always-on remote connections while also allowing VPN connections to the network | 149 | |
| 4352885526 | VPN concentrator | Special device made for organizations which require more than a few VPN connections at a time. It authenticates, establishes tunnels, and manages encryption. Also known as an encryption device | 150 | |
| 4352892870 | Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) | Tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Transmits PPP data after PPTP creates tunnel Does not encrypt, so IPsec is needed | 151 | |
| 4352897110 | Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) | Microsoft Layer 2 protocol that masks PPP frames as IP traffic using TCP segments Can be used by any OS, despite being developed by Microsoft | 152 | |
| 4352911852 | Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) | VPN tunneling protocol developed by Cisco, similar to PPTP. Standard accepted by many vendors, so works across equipment types. Can connect many disparate devices/brands | 153 | |
| 4352928028 | 3 Encryption assurances | Confidentiality: only viewed by intended user Integrity: Not modified during transit Availability: accessible to intended recipient (CIA) | 154 | |
| 4352935774 | 3 Security Tenets | Utility: Data arrives in useful form Authenticity: Data arrives in whole form; not forged Non-repudiation: Provides proof of delivery and proof of identity | 155 | |
| 4352947383 | Private Key Encryption | encrypted by a single key held by sender and reciever Also known as symmetric encryption | 156 | |
| 4352951315 | Public Key Encryption | Uses two keys: Public Key: issued freely from sender or 3rd party Private Key: Associated with one user which is issued by a certificate authority (CA) | 157 | |
| 4352962774 | Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) | Use of certificate authorities to associate public keys with known users | 158 | |
| 4352967878 | IPsec | defines rules for encryption, authentication, and key management for TCP/IP transmissions Works on IPv4 and 6 Works at network layer by adding security info to header of all IP packets | 159 | |
| 4352976347 | Secure Socket Layer (SSL) | Operates at Application Layer Used to encrypt TCP/IP transmissions between devices using Public Key encryption Uses 3 way handshake improved upon by TLS | 160 | |
| 4352990805 | Transport Layer Security (TLS) | Better form of SSL Uses 3 way handshake | 161 | |
| 4353003514 | Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS) | Like TLS/SSL but only requires cert from server. Client is authenticated by password only | 162 | |
| 4353036940 | Secure Shell (SSH) | alternative to telnet which encrypts connections to provide secure connections May be encrypted by DES, triple DES, KERBEROS, or RSA Uses port 22 | 163 | |
| 4353044484 | Secure File Transport Protocol (SFTP) | secure version of FTP. Can work on any port, but commonly listens on port 22 | 164 | |
| 4353055943 | Hashing | Not encryption Ensures data is not altered | 165 | |
| 4353058248 | Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) Hashes | SHA2 = 256 bit hash SHA-512 = 512 bit hash SHA3 = different version developed by private designers, still uses 252 and 512 bit hashes | 166 | |
| 4353070458 | Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) | Protocol category containing: RADIUS and TACACS+ | 167 | |
| 4353077385 | RADIUS | by far most popular AAA service application layer transported by UDP can be run as application or on a server Often combined with other services like a DHCP server Can be added to WPA to make WPA enterprise | 168 | |
| 4353092189 | TACACS+ | Capable of separating access, authentication, and auditing capabilities Relies on TCP, NOT UDP typically on a router or switch, not server encrypts all info, not just password like RADIUS | 169 | |
| 4353106618 | Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) | Authentication protocol that operates over PPP | 170 | |
| 4353119619 | Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) | extension to PPP Only provides framework for authenticating clients and servers Does not perform encryption or decryption Flexible and supported by every operating system Can be used with any encryption method | 171 | |
| 4353129834 | 802.1X (EAPoL) | Grants access and dynamically generates and updates authentication keys for transmissions to a particular port Commonly used with RADIUS Primarily used on wireless networks | 172 | |
| 4353144709 | KERBEROS | authentication protocol which uses key encryption to verify clients and securely exchange info Made up of: -Key Distribution Center (KDC) -Authentication Service (AS) -Tickets: ticket granting service (TGS) and ticket granting ticket (TGT) -Principal | 173 | |
| 4353193691 | Jamming | Attack where a high volume of illegitimate wireless signals overwhelm a wireless network | 174 | |
| 4353198470 | ARP cache poisoning | Attack where fake ARP replies alter ARP tables making the network more vulnerable | 175 | |
| 4353201433 | MAC flooding | Attack where a switch is overloaded with ARP replies | 176 | |
| 4353211912 | Banner-grabbing attack | Hacker transmits bogus requests for connections in order to receive information which guides further attack efforts | 177 | |
| 4353218276 | Session Hijacking Attack | session key that is intercepted by an attacker so they can take control of the session One such attack is Man in the middle attack | 178 | |
| 4353226027 | Buffer Overflow | overflow of temporary memory allocation that cause crash. Ping of Death is most common | 179 | |
| 4353235886 | IP Spoofing | obtaining an IP internal to a network in order to fool firewall into allowing access from outside | 180 | |
| 4353237976 | Flashing | Attacker who hijacks an internet chat session when a user remains logged in | 181 | |
| 4353244201 | Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) | Use of a botnet or Zombie army of infected computers to magnify DoS attacks, coordinating attacks | 182 | |
| 4353252066 | Distributed Reflector DoS (DRDoS) | DDoS attack bounced off uninfected computers before being directed at a target, achieved by spoofing | 183 | |
| 4353255275 | Smurf Attack | originating source IP is spoofed to appear as a known host on a network, which sends a ping and receives responses from all computers on the network with all these responses being sent to the victim | 184 | |
| 4353263049 | Permanent DoS attack | attack which aims to damage firmware on devices beyond repair - "bricking" the device | 185 | |
| 4353303999 | Network Access Control (NAC) | employs policies or rules which determine level of access when a device joins a network It authenticates and authorizes devices | 186 | |
| 4353312213 | Access Control List (ACL) | Set of parameters which are checked by a router for in/outbound traffic to ensure traffic passes criteria If none of the criteria are met, the router will drop packet - Implicit Deny Rule | 187 | |
| 4353320727 | Intrusion Detection System (IDS) | Detects suspicious activity within a network Host based (HIDS): looks on one device Network Based (NIDS): looks over whole network from within DMZ | 188 | |
| 4353334721 | Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) | Stands between attacker and host to prevent traffic from reaching protected host Can be located in DMZ and in network Can be located on host (HIPS) or network (NIPS) | 189 | |
| 4353349437 | Packet Filtering Firewall | Configured to accept or deny IP traffic based on: -Source and Destination IP address -Source and destination ports -Flags in TCP header -Transmissions using UDP or ICMP Can be host based (only on one host) or network based | 190 | |
| 4353358655 | Stateful firewall | inspects only new connection packets and automatically allows packets from existing connections | 191 | |
| 4353364946 | Stateless firewall | inspects every packet regardless of connection status | 192 | |
| 4353369526 | Content Filtering Firewall | blocks traffic based on application layer data contained within packets | 193 | |
| 4353373312 | Unified Threat Management (UTM) | security strategy which layers tech into a single safety net: IDS/IPS employed with firewalls, and Proxy servers | 194 | |
| 4353379827 | Next Generation Firewall (NGFW) | Application aware firewall which can be user aware and context aware (adapts to various apps, users, and devices) | 195 | |
| 4353385909 | Proxy Server | Application layer security which looks like an internal network server to the outside but actually filters all traffic going into a protected LAN. Allows a user to send a message to an internet user, but the message is re-packaged by proxy server to make it seem like the message originated from the proxy, protecting your IP address | 196 | |
| 4353402083 | SIEM | Keeps log and evaluates to identify threats | 197 | |
| 4353410069 | Boot sector virus | virus which resides in boot files and is generally very hard to remove | 198 | |
| 4353416191 | Macro Virus | virus spread by word processing or spreadsheet file, which seems harmless | 199 | |
| 4353420683 | Worm | program which spreads independently over any means and can be used to hide viruses | 200 | |
| 4353435860 | Trojan Horse | Program which claims to do something useful to fool a host into allowing it to be installed, but really carries a payload of malicious software | 201 | |
| 4384285948 | Network Management System (NMS) | Central collection point which saves performance data | 202 | |
| 4384357581 | Traffic Shaping | manipulates packets or connections to manage the type or amount of traffic across a network | 203 | |
| 4384386083 | H.323 gateway | Translates between network devices running H.323 and devices running other types of signalling | 204 | |
| 4384394080 | H.323 gatekeeper | Authorize and authenticate terminals and gateways for H.323 networks It is optional | 205 | |
| 4384408591 | Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) | supports H.323 terminals and manages connections (VTC bridge) | 206 | |
| 4384431347 | Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) | Runs small VoIP networks Easier to maintain and set up than H.323 networks | 207 | |
| 4384448423 | Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) | Older than MEGACO, used on multiservice networks which supports a large number of media gateways | 208 | |
| 4384466149 | MEGACO | Performs same functions as MGCP but supports a broader range of network tech Contained in H.248 standard | 209 | |
| 4384501579 | Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) | Provides more reliable transmission for multimedia devices RTCP provides feedback on the quality of call or VTC | 210 | |
| 4384520717 | DiffServ | Simple QoS technique which assigns priority to different types of traffic | 211 | |
| 4384528030 | Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) | enables types of layer 3 protocols to travel over different types of layer 2 protocols Used commonly by ISPs | 212 | |
| 4384553682 | Class of Service (CoS) | QoS specific to layer 2 Works by assigning a Priority Code Point from 0-7 to a VLAN tag | 213 | |
| 4395810185 | Link aggregation | Use of redundant NICs to act as one logical interface Requires an intelligent switch using LACP or static bonding | 214 | |
| 4395843587 | Round robin DNS | use of multiple DNS servers who take turns handling requests | 215 | |
| 4395848867 | Load balancer | device that considers load on servers before assigning traffic to a certain server | 216 | |
| 4396016871 | CARP | Common Address Redundancy Protocol Allows a pool of computers or interfaces to share one or more IP addresses This pool is known as a Group of Redundancy | 217 | |
| 4396112550 | Virtual Bridges | Port on a virtual switch connecting a vNIC with a network | 218 | |
| 4396133897 | NAT Mode | vNIC can rely on physical machine to assign it an IP instead of needing a DHCP server | 219 | |
| 4396176098 | VRRP / HSRP | Assigns a virtual IP address to a group of routers. If that router fails, it will dynamically re-assign a standby router to become the master router | 220 | |
| 4396267046 | DHCP Relay Agent | Router programmed to send specified DHCP traffic beyond a broadcast domain | 221 | |
| 4396295124 | Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) | prevents routing loops by sending BPDUs to all switching devices to calculate paths Root bridge is the basis for all STP calculations | 222 | |
| 4396304047 | BPDU Guard | Prevents BPDUs from being sent to non-switches, like workstations | 223 | |
| 4396307452 | BPDU filter | disables STP on certain ports, like the one which connects to the outside world, to prevent spanning tree from getting confused on which network is yours | 224 | |
| 4396325324 | TRILL | multipath link state protocol which is an updated version of STP | 225 | |
| 4396337043 | LWAPP | centralized network management for wireless devices | 226 | |
| 4396341706 | Thick AP | self contained AP which can do its job without higher level management device | 227 | |
| 4396346419 | Thin AP | AP which requires management device | 228 | |
| 4396356467 | VLAN Pooling | Dynamically assigning a WIRELESS client to a VLAN out of a pool of available VLANs | 229 | |
| 4396394474 | T-1 (DS1) Facts | 1 T-1 = 24 Channels = 1.544 Mbps | 230 | |
| 4396418322 | T-3 (DS3) Facts | 28 T-1s = 672 channels = 44.736 Mbps | 231 | |
| 4396432518 | RJ-48 | Terminates T-1 over copper cable | 232 | |
| 4396439618 | Smart Jack | Where T-1 copper terminates at the customer building Monitors connection and looks for errors | 233 | |
| 4396448918 | CSU/DSU | Can be stand alone or on an interface card DSU Converts T carrier into frames for the LAN and vice versa (usually incorporates multiplexer) CSU provides termination for digital signal and ensures connection integrity | 234 | |
| 4396503395 | SVC | (Frame Relay) virtual circuit which sets up to TX/RX then disconnects | 235 | |
| 4396509439 | PVC | (Frame Relay) virtual circuit which are established and maintained according to the committed information rate (CIR) which is the minimum data rate agreed upon with the ISP | 236 | |
| 4396527000 | asymmetrical DSL | upstream and downstream data rates are different | 237 | |
| 4396537742 | DSLAM | multiplexes multiple DSL lines and connects them to carriers CO | 238 | |
| 4396545561 | DOCSIS | broadband cable service 3.x is the newest version | 239 | |
| 4396565455 | Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) | broadband method of connecting customers with cable drops to the head end (CO) | 240 | |
| 4396582862 | Broadband over power line (BPL) | high speed internet over electrical grid | 241 | |
| 4396596911 | Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) | Uses 53 byte cells for transmission Works on virtual circuits Scalable QoS for non-critical info to important Rarely used now | 242 | |
| 4397357298 | LANE | ATM protocol which encapsulates Ethernet frames and converts them into 53 byte ATM cells | 243 | |
| 4397364140 | SONET | Interoperable WAN which uses double ring topography for fault tolerance Self healing Uses multiplexer which terminates ring at customer facility | 244 | |
| 4397383061 | Optical Carrier (OC) | Throughput of a SONET network OC-3 = 155.52 (large businesses) OC-12 = 622.08 (ISP WAN connections) | 245 | |
| 4397414649 | Metro Ethernet | virtual Ethernet networks established over other types of networks (SONET, DSL, etc) Uses CET | 246 | |
| 4397427574 | Carrier Ethernet Transport (CET) | Ethernet transport solution to implement Ethernet outside the LAN environment, used by Metro Ethernet | 247 | |
| 4397442809 | WiMAX | Flexible long range wireless Can be LOS or not Includes QoS capability Uses MIMO Most US brands use 2.3, 2.5, 3.65 GHz bands WiMAX2 or 802.16m is latest version Considered a version of 4G Cellular | 248 | |
| 4397468304 | 3G cellular data | up to 384Kbps | 249 | |
| 4397471693 | 4G cellular Data | Also known as LTE All IP based voice and data network up to 100MBps for fast moving clients up to 1Mbps for slow moving clients | 250 | |
| 4397488522 | EGPRS | Standard which allows multiple transmissions based on time slots For Cellular Networks Requires a SIM card | 251 | |
| 4397493035 | CDMA | Like EGPRS but spreads transmissions over wider bandwidth Also called "spread spectrum" Does not require a SIM card | 252 |
