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| 4008640872 | The Spanish Caribbean | European and Americans first meet in Caribbean, indigenous Tiano, originally from Orinoco River valley in South America and settled in Caribbean in late centuries BCE; Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominical Republic) as base for trading with Taino: establishes center of Spanish operations at Santo Domingo, further planned to establish forts for trade, had to find alternate income source because no spices or silks; recruit locals to mine gold instead; encomienda: forced labor, laborers taken care of by Spanish, worked to convert population to Christianity, punished if they did not mine expected quantities of gold | 0 | |
| 4008659109 | From Mining to Plantation Agriculture | Taino occasionally rebel but outgunned by Spanish military technology, smallpox epidemics being 1518, Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further, Taino society disappears by middle of sixteenth century; limited gold production causes Spanish to focus more on silver deposits in Mexico and Peru; while Spanish interest in Caribbean wanes, English, Dutch, and French recognize agricultural promise in sugar harvesting | 1 | |
| 4008670652 | Conquest of Mexico and Peru | Spanish conquerors explore other territories on American mainland after disenchantment in Caribbean, Hernan Cortes brings down Aztec empire in Mexico: people ally with Spanish because of resentment held towards the Mexica, kill the last leaders of the Aztec empire in battle and through torture; Pizarro brings down Inca empire in Peru, subjected population resented Inca rulers and tax collectors, smallpox killed much of the population before conquest occurred; European imperialism succeeds in overtaking established agricultural societies capable of mobilizing large parts of population and collecting taxes/tribute | 2 | |
| 4008683391 | Spanish Colonial Administration | conquests first administered by conquistadors through ad hoc arrangements, Spanish monarchy wanted formal and direct control over new lands so replace conquistadors with government bureaucrats, lawyers, and regular military forces; Spanish administration based in Mexico and Peru, extended to Florida and Buenos Aires: Mexico city built atop Tenochtitlan, founded Lima in Peru for access to coast, viceroys rules but supervised by audiencias, communication problems reduce the efficienty through which the monarchy directed the viceroys | 3 | |
| 4008710355 | Portuguese Brazil | Treaty of Tordesillas divides Americas between Spain and Portugal, Portugal claims Brazil, little interest at first, but increases as other imperial powers take notice, exploited for sugarcane | 4 | |
| 4008716605 | Spain and Portugal in the Americas | viewed Americas as a place to exploit, not settle and colonize, settler colonies in NA: Spanish towns, forts, missions or east coast of North America, some on west coast, dislodged in seventeenth century by English, French, Dutch mariners, permanent colonies in NA | 5 | |
| 4008724471 | Colonial Government | exceptionally difficult conditions: starvation rampant, cannibalism occasionally practices, French and English private merchants invest heavily in expansion of colonies, greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies: could choose their own royal governors and election own legislative, no viceroys or audiencias, after seven years war French domination of Canada falls to English | 6 | |
| 4008736352 | Relations with Indigenous Peoples | North American peoples loosely organized and migratory, mix of hunter/gatherer and limited agricultural activity, European colonists stake out forested land and clear for agriculture, increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land, try to legitimize land taking through negotiated treaties, also explain that their making better use of the land than Native Americans | 7 | |
| 4008758116 | Conflict with Indigenous Peoples | colonists displace indigenous peoples, trespass on hunting grounds, english settlers negotiate treaties, poorly understood by natives, military conflict frequent but not on par with southern Spanish conquests, Native American population steadily displaced by immigration of English, French, Dutch, etc. | 8 | |
| 4008772737 | The Formation of Multicultural Societies | European and African migrants move to Americas, European land holdings quickly become multicultural societies, mestizo societies formed | 9 | |
| 4008778843 | North American Societies | higher ration of French, English female migrants to men in North and in South America, higher social stigma attached to relationships with Africans and Natives, fur traders have relationships with NA native women, europeans recognize the usefulness of Americans and Africans cultural knowledge | 10 | |
| 4008788219 | Mining in the Spanish Empire | hunt for gold and silver, gold not extensive in Spanish holding but silver plentiful, adopt Inca mita system of conscripted labor, eventually assimilate into Spanish culture, quinto system for silver | 11 | |
| 4008798678 | Global Significance of Silver | major resource of income for Spanish crown, Manila galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading, very popular with Chinese | 12 | |
| 4008801284 | The Hacienda | large estates product products of European origin to support large mining towns, encomienda system of utilizing native labor force, rampant abuses, gradually replaced by debt peonage: landowner loan natives seeds, tools, etc, peasants repay loans with cheap labor, paid so little unable to pay loans | 13 | |
| 4008808338 | Resistance to Spanish Rule | half-hearted work, retreat into mountains and forests, appeal to Spanish crown | 14 | |
| 4008812433 | Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil | engenho refers to complex on land, labor, etc all related to production of silver, sugarcane processing labor intensive to make molasses or refined sugar for export; unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported slaves, large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s | 15 | |
| 4008821746 | Fur Trading in North America | indigenous peoples trade pelts for wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol, beaver hunts cause frequent incursions into neighboring territories, European settler cultivators also displacing natives from traditional lands | 16 | |
| 4008829186 | Slavery in North America | increasingly replace European indentured laborers, less prominent in north due to weak nature of cash-crop industry, slave trading still important part of economy | 17 | |
| 4008833477 | Missionary Activity in the Americas | taught Christian doctrine, literacy, often accumulated cultural knowledge to better communicate their message, due to conquest and plague, many natives in Spanish America concluded gods had abandoned them and converted, often retain elements of pagan religion in Christian worship | 18 | |
| 4008840738 | French and English Missions | less effective than Spanish missions, spaniards rules native populations more directly, migration patterns of NA natives made it more difficult to conduct missions, english colonists had little interest in converting natives | 19 | |
| 4008845197 | Australia and the Larger World | broadly similar experiences to American natives, Portuguese mariners long in the region but Dutch sailors make first recorded sighting of Australia, VOC surveys territory and concludes on little value, James Cook lands and Botany Bay | 20 | |
| 4008853859 | Pacific Islands and the Larger World | Manila galleons interested in quick trade routes, little exploration of Pacific: Guam significant because of trade routes; James Cook visits Hawaii in 1778: good relationship, sailors spread disease, Cook not welcomes and killed over disputer | 21 |
