Vocabulary taken from Organic Chemistry (2006) by Joseph M. Hornback
Required reading for Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity at NCF by Professor Scudder
Terms : Hide Images
| 1588699778 | Absolute configuration | The actual three-demensional arrangement of groups around a chirality center. | 0 | |
| 1588699779 | Acetal | The product of the addition of two equivalents of an alcohol to an aldehyde or a ketone. | 1 | |
| 1588699780 | Acetylide anion | A carbon nucleophile generated by treating 1-alkynes with a very strong base, such as sodium amide. | 2 | |
| 1588699781 | Achiral molecule | A molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image. | 3 | |
| 1588699782 | Acidity constant | An equilibirum constant for the reaction of an acid with water as a base; used as a measure of the strength of an acid. For a general acid, HA, the equation for Ka is Ka = [A-][H3O+]/[HA]. | 4 | |
| 1588699783 | Activation energy | The energy required to surmount the energy barrier separating reactants and products. | 5 | |
| 1588699784 | Acyl group | A carbonyl group with an attached alkyl group. | 6 | |
| 1588699785 | Addition polymer or chain-growth polymer | A polymer formed by a chain mechanism, where one initiatior molecule causes a large number of monomers to react to form one polymer molecule. | 7 | |
| 1588699786 | Addition reaction | A reaction that results in the addition of two groups to opposite ends of a multiple bond. | 8 | |
| 1588699787 | Alkaloid | A nitrogen-containing natural product that occurs primarily in higher plants and in some fungi, such as mushrooms. | 9 | |
| 1588699788 | Alkyl group | The part of a compound that has carbons that are only singly bonded to other carbons and hydrogens. | 10 | |
| 1588699789 | Alkylation reaction | A reaction that results in the attachment of an alkyl group to the reactant. | 11 | |
| 1588699790 | Allowed reaction | A pericyclic reaction that is energetically favorable because the electrons in the occupied M.O.'s do not increase in energy. | 12 | |
| 1588699791 | Allyl group | The CH2=CHCH2- group. | 13 | |
| 1588699792 | Alpha carbon | The carbon adjacent to a functional group; most commonly used to refer to the carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group. | 14 | |
| 1588699793 | Amorphous solid | A solid in which the individual molecules have a random arrangement; a glassy solid with no order in the arrangement of its molecules. | 15 | |
| 1588699794 | Amphoteric compound | A compound that can act as either an acid or a base. | 16 | |
| 1588699795 | Angle strain | Destabilization, usually found in compounds having three- or four-membered rings, that occurs when the orbitals of a bond do not point directly at each other, so the amount of overlap is decreased. | 17 | |
| 1588699796 | Annulene | A name sometimes given to rings that contain alternating single and double bonds in a Lewis structure. | 18 | |
| 1588699797 | Anomers | Diastereomers that are formed by cyclization of a carbohydrate with differing configurations at the new stereocenter. | 19 | |
| 1588699798 | Anti addition | The addition of groups to opposite sides of a double bond. | 20 | |
| 1588699799 | Anti conformation | Conformation in which the dihedral angle between two groups on adjacent atoms is 180 degrees | 21 | |
| 1588699800 | Anti elimination | Elimination of groups from a conformation in which the dihedral angle between them is 180 degrees. This is the preferred geometry for the E2 reaction. | 22 | |
| 1588699801 | Antiaromatic compound | A compound that is destabilized because of the presence of a conjugated cycle of p orbitals containing 4n electrons. | 23 | |
| 1588699802 | Antibonding M.O. | A M.O. that is higher in energy than the A.O.'s that combine to form it. | 24 | |
| 1588699803 | Anti-periplanar bonds | Bonds with a dihedral angle of 180 degrees. | 25 | |
| 1588699804 | Aprotic sovent | A solvent that does not have a H bonded to N or O and therefore cannot H bond. | 26 | |
| 1588699805 | Arenium ion | The carbocation formed by addition of an electrophile to a benzene derivative. | 27 | |
| 1588699806 | Aromatic compound | A compound that is especially stable because of the presence of a conjugated cycle of p orbitals containing 4n + 2 electrons. | 28 | |
| 1588699807 | Atactic polymer | A polymer with random configurations at its many stereocenters. | 29 | |
| 1588699808 | Atomic orbital | The region about the nucleus of an atom where, if the orbital contains an electron, the probability of finding an electron is very high. | 30 | |
| 1588699809 | Axial bond | In the chair formation of cyclohexane, a bond that is parallel to the axis of the ring. | 31 | |
| 1588699810 | Axial strain energy | The amount of destabilization caused by a group in the axial position in the chair conformation of cyclohexane. | 32 | |
| 1588699811 | Base ion | The most abundant ion in the mass spectrum. | 33 | |
| 1588699812 | Benzyl group | The PhCH2- group. | 34 | |
| 1588699813 | Benzyne | A highly reactive intermediate that has a benzene ring with a formal triple bond. | 35 | |
| 1588699814 | Boat conformation | The boat-shaped conformation of cyclohexane that has no angle strain but does have some steric strain and some torsional strain. | 36 | |
| 1588699815 | Bond disconnections | The imaginary process of breaking bonds at or near the functional groups in a compound during the process of retrosynthetic analysis. | 37 | |
| 1588699816 | Bond dissociation energy | The amount of energy that must be added in the gas phase to break the bond in a homolytic manner. | 38 | |
| 1588699817 | Bonding M.O. | A M.O. that is lower in energy than the A.O.'s that combine to form it. | 39 | |
| 1588699818 | Bromonium ion | A three-membered ring containging a positively charged bromine atom; an intermediate formed in the addition of bromine to an alkene. | 40 | |
| 1588699819 | Bonsted-Lowry acid | A proton donor. | 41 | |
| 1588699820 | Bronsted-Lowry base | A proton acceptor. | 42 | |
| 1588699821 | Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules | Rules that are used to assign priorities to groups attacted to a stereocenter so that the configuration of a compound can be designated. | 43 | |
| 1588699822 | Carbanion | A C with three bonds, an unshared pair of electrons, and a negative charge. | 44 | |
| 1588699823 | Carbene | A reactive species having a C with only two bonds and an unshared pair of electrons. | 45 | |
| 1588699824 | Carbenoid | An organometallic species that reacts like carbene. | 46 | |
| 1588699825 | Carbocation | A carbon with three bonds and a positive charge. | 47 | |
| 1588699826 | Carbohydrate | Naturally occuring compounds, often with the empirical formula C(H2O) that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and derivatives formed from these; includes sugars and starches. | 48 | |
| 1588699827 | Carbonyl group | A C=O bond. | 49 | |
| 1588699828 | Carboxy group | A carbonyl group with an attached hydroxy group. | 50 | |
| 1588699829 | Chain reaction | A reaction in which a reactive intermediate, such as a radical, reacts with a normal molecule, ultimately generating a molecule of product and regenerating the original reactive intermediate, which then causes another reaction cycle to occur. A chain reaction involves three steps: inititation, propagation, and termination. | 51 | |
| 1588699830 | Chain-growth polymer or addition polymer | A polymer formed by a chain mechanism, where one initiator molecule causes a large number of monomers to react to form one polymer molecule. | 52 | |
| 1588699831 | Chair conformation | The chair-shaped conformation of cyclohexane that has no angle strain and has no torsional strain because it is perfectly staggered about all the C-C bonds. It is strain free. | 53 | |
| 1588699832 | Chemical shift | The position of an absorption on the x-axis in an NMR spectrum; provides information about the local environment of the atom that is responsible for the absorption. | 54 | |
| 1588699833 | Chirality center | A carbon or other tetrahedral atom bonded to four different groups; a type of sterocenter. | 55 | |
| 1588699834 | Chiral molecule | A molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image. | 56 | |
| 1588699835 | Chromophore | The part of a molecule that is responsible for the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light. | 57 | |
| 1588699836 | Cis-trans isomers | Stereoisomers that differ in the placement of groups on one side or the other of a double bond. | 58 | |
| 1588699837 | Codon | A series of three bases in a nucleic acid polymer that specifies a particular amino acid. | 59 | |
| 1588699838 | Concerted reaction | A reaction that occurs in one step. | 60 | |
| 1588699839 | Condensation polymer or step growth polymer | A polymer formed from monomers with two reactive functional groups by normal reactions, such as ester formation, between the functional groups. | 61 | |
| 1588699840 | Configuration | The three-dimensional arrangment of groups about a stereocenter in a molecule. | 62 | |
| 1588699841 | Conformation | A shape that a molecule can assume by rotation about a single bond. | 63 | |
| 1588699842 | Conformational analysis | Analysis of the energies of the various conformations of a compound. | 64 | |
| 1588699843 | Conjugate acid | The acid formed by protonation of a base in an acid-base reaction. | 65 | |
| 1588699844 | Conjugate addition or 1,4-addition | The addition of a nucleophile to the B-carbon of an a,B-unsaturated carbonyl compound. | 66 | |
| 1588699845 | Conjugate base | The base formed by the loss of a proton from an acid in an acid-base reaction. | 67 | |
| 1588699846 | Conjugated molecule | A molecule that has a series of overlapping parallel p orbitals on adjacent atoms. | 68 | |
| 1588699847 | Connectivity | The arrangement of bonded atoms in a structure. | 69 | |
| 1588699848 | Conrotation | Rotation of orbitals in the same direction in an electrocyclic reaction. | 70 | |
| 1588699849 | Constitutional isomers | Compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement (connectivity) of bonded atoms. | 71 | |
| 1588699850 | Coupling constant (Jax) | The separation between two adjacent peaks in a group of peaks that results from coupling in an NMR spectrum. | 72 | |
| 1588699851 | Covalent bonding | Bonding that results from atoms sharing electrons in order to arrive at the same number of electrons as a noble gas. | 73 | |
| 1588699852 | Cross-link | A group that connects separate polymer chains by covalent bonds. | 74 | |
| 1588699853 | Crystalline solid | A solid in which the individual molecules are arranged with a very high degree of order. | 75 | |
| 1588699854 | Cycloaddition reaction | A pericyclic reaction in which two molecules react to form two new sigma bonds between the end atoms of their pi systems, resulting in the formation of a ring. | 76 | |
| 1588699855 | Degenerate orbitals | Orbitals with the same energy. | 77 | |
| 1588699856 | Degree of unsaturation (DU) | The total number of multiple bonds plus rings in a compound. The DU is calculated by subtracting the actual number of H's in a compound from the maximum number of H's and dividing the results by 2. | 78 | |
| 1588699857 | Delocalized MO | A MO that extends around more than two atoms. | 79 | |
| 1588699858 | DEPT-NMR (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer) | A technique used in 13C-NMR that allows the number of H's attached to each C to be determined. | 80 | |
| 1588699859 | Dextrorotatory (d) or (+) | Clock-wise rotation of plane-polarized light. | 81 | |
| 1588699860 | Diastereomers | Non-mirror-image stereoisomers. | 82 | |
| 1588699861 | 1,3-Diaxial interaction | An interaction that destabilizes two axial groups on the same face of a cyclohexane ring because of steric crowding between them. | 83 | |
| 1588699862 | Dienophile | The species, most often an alkene or alkyne, that acts as the two-electron component in a Diels-Alder reaction. | 84 | |
| 1588699863 | Dihedral angle | The angle between the a marker group on the front atom and on the back atom of a Newman projection. | 85 | |
| 1588699864 | Dipolar ion or zwitterion | A neutral compound containing a covalently linked cation and anion. | 86 | |
| 1588699865 | Dipole moment (u) | The product of the amount of charge separation in a molecule x the distance of the charge separation. | 87 | |
| 1588699866 | Disaccharide | A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharide units that are connected by a glycosidic bond. | 88 | |
| 1588699867 | Disrotation | Rotation of orbitals in opposite directions in an electrocyclic reaction. | 89 | |
| 1588699868 | Downfield | A chemical shift at a higher delta value in the NMR spectrum. | 90 | |
| 1588699869 | E | Letter used to designate the isomer of an alkene that has the high priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond. | 91 | |
| 1588699870 | E1 reaction or unimolecular elimination reaction | An elimination reaction that occurs in two steps through a carbocation intermediate. | 92 | |
| 1588699871 | E2 reaction or bimolecular elimination reaction | An elimination reaction that follows a concerted mechanism in which a base removes a proton simultaneously with the departure of the leaving group. | 93 | |
| 1588699872 | Eclipsed conformation | Conformation in which the bonds on one atom are directly in line with the bonds on the adjacent atom when a Newman projection is viewed. | 94 | |
| 1588699873 | Electrocyclic reaction | A pericyclic reaction that forms a sigma bond between the end atoms of a series of conjugated pi bonds within a molecule. | 95 | |
| 1588699874 | Electromagnetic spectrum | The range of electromagnetic radiation (light), from very energetic cosmic rays to low-energy radio waves. | 96 | |
| 1588699875 | Electronegativity | Electron-attracting ability of an atom. | 97 | |
| 1588699876 | Electronic transition | The excitation of an electron from an occupied MO to an antibonding MO. | 98 | |
| 1588699877 | Electrophile | An electron-poor species that seeks an electron rich site; similar to a Lewis acid. | 99 | |
| 1588699878 | Electrophilic addition reaction | A reaction that results in the addition of two groups, an electrophile and a nucleophile, to the carbons of a CC double or triple bond. | 100 | |
| 1588699879 | Electrophilic aromatic substitution | A reaction in which an electrophile is substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring. | 101 | |
| 1588699880 | Elimination reaction | A reaction in which groups (most commonly a proton and a leaving group) are lost from an adjacent atoms, resulting in the formation of a double bond. | 102 | |
| 1588699881 | 1,1-Elimination | An elimination of two groups from the same C to produce a carbene; also called alpha elimination | 103 | |
| 1588699882 | 1,2-Eliminatinon | An elimination of two groups from adjacent atoms to produce a pi bond; also called beta elimination. | 104 | |
| 1588699883 | Enantiomers | Nonsuperimposable mirror-image stereoisomers. | 105 | |
| 1588699884 | Endergonic reaction | A reaction for which the change in standard Gibbs free energy is positive; the products are higher in energy than the reactants and the reaction favors the reactants at equilibrium. | 106 | |
| 1588699885 | Endothermic reaction | A reaction for which the enthalpy change is positive. | 107 | |
| 1588699886 | Enol | A compound with a hydroxy group attached to a CC double bond. | 108 | |
| 1588699887 | Enolate ion | A carbanion adjacent to a carbonyl group. | 109 |
