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Ornithology Test 1 Flashcards

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Dr. Heiss's Ornithology

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649018203Birds' phylumCordata
649018204Birds' SubphylumVertebrata
649018205Birds' ClassAves
649018206Pneumatic bonesHollow-to reduce weight
649018207Keel/Carina/SternumOversized to attach breast muscles
649018208CarinatesFlying birds, have enlarged sternum
649018209RatitesNon-flying birds, flat sternum
649018210ArchaeopteryxEarly bird ancestor
649018211ThecondontsType of dinosaur, possible ancestor of birds
649018212TheropodsPredatory dinosaurs, possible ancestor of birds
649018213CrocodilePossible ancestor of birds
649018214SystematicsStudy of evolutionary relationships
649018215PhylogenyEvolutionary history
649018216Monophyletic groupShare common ancestor
649018217CladisticsClassification based on common ancestry
649018218CladogramBranching phylogeny diagram
649018219Conservative CharacteristicsDo not change easily
649018220Primitive CharacteristicsAncestral characteristics
649018221Derived characteristicsAdvanced characteristics
649018222Homologous CharacteristicsShared by two or more taxa that can be traced phylogenetically to an imediate common ancestor
649018223ConvergenceWhen similar adaptions develop in unrelated taxa
649018224Cursorial HypothesisGround-up Hypothesis, suggests that ancestors of birds were ground predators
649018225Tree-Down HypothesisAncestors of birds were tree climbers
649018226Weak Assisted Incline Running ExperimentsBy Ken Dials, says that underdeveloped wings were useful for running up inclines
649018227PalaeognathaeIncludes Ratites and Tinamous
649018228NeognathaeIncludes all other birds
649025768EpidermisOutside layer of skin
649025769DermisInside layer of skin
649025770KeratinFeathers are made of this
649025771FollicleWhere Feathers are produced
649025772Uropygial Gland(Preen or Oil Gland) secretes oil to waterproof
649025773Contour FeathersAlso known as vaned feathers. Flight feathers
649109640Down feathersLack barbs
649109641Definitive DownDown on adults
649109642Natal DownPresent only at hatching
649109643Bristle FeathersModified Contour Feathers, Filter Insects and have sensory properties
649109644SemiplumesMix of Vaned Feathers and Down Feathers, for Insulation
649109645Primary CovertsVaned Feathers, Second Row of Feathers
649109646RemigeFlight Feathers on Wing, Bottom Layer
649109647Secondary CovertsVaned Feathers attached to ulna, top layer
649109648RetriceTail Feathers
649109649PhygostyleFused Causal Vertebrae to which Retrices attatched
649109650AntingLetting ants craw on them to eliminate ectoparasites
649109651PterylaeNine major tracts from which feathers grow
649109652Moltingreplacing feathers
649109653Ascending MoltingStart with inner feathers and move outward
649109654Descending MoltingStart with outer weather and move inward
649109655Synchronous moltingLose all feathers at same time
649109656Primitive BasicOne molt per year
649109657Modified BasicSingle molt per year plus partial molt in first cycle
649109658Simple AlternateOne complete molt and partial molt each year
649109659Complete AlternateOne complete and partial molt per year as well as an additional partial molt in the first cycle
649109660TinaformesTinamous, found in neotropics
649109661RheiformesRheas, found in neotropics
649109662StruthioniformesOstrich, found in Africa
649109663CasuariiformesCassowaries and Emu, found in Australia and New Zealand
649109664DinornithiformesKiwi, found in New Zealand
649109665PodicipediformesGrebes. Feet located in back so they can hardly walk
649109666SphenisciformesPenguins. Web-footed marine birds that cannot fly.
649109667ProcellariiformeesAlbatross and Petrels. Tube-nosed seabirds. Excellent fliers and gliders. Use salt excretion to drink salty water
649109668PelecaniformesPelicans, Anhinga, Cormorant, and Booby. Long Beaks and usually have throat pouch. Colonial Nesters
649109669AnseriformesScreamers and waterfowl. Usually have broad beaks. Precocial young. Short Legs
649109670PhoenicopteriformesFlamingos
649109671CiconiiformesStorks and Herons.
649109672AccipitriformesBirds of Prey and Vultures. Keen Vision. Sharp, hooked Beak. Curved Talons. Eagles Osprey, and Turkey Vulture.
649109673FalconiformesSame characteristics as Accipitriformes. Smaller and Faster. Kestrels, Merlins, and Falcons
649109674GalliformesFowl-like. Often Game-birds or domesticated. Quail, grouses, turkeys, bobwhites.
649109675GruiformesCranes and Rails.
649109676CharadriiformesShorebirds and Gulls. Webbed toes,. Strong fliers. Gulls, Killdeer, and Sandpipers.
649109677GaviiformesLoons
649109678ColumbiformesPigeons and Doves. Short, small birds. Short neck and legs.
649109679PsittaciformesParrots. Tropics and Australasia.
649109680ColiiformesMousebirds. Found in Africa.
649109681MusophagiformesTuracos. Found in Africa.
649109682CuculiformesCuckoo.
649109683StrigiformesOwls. Nocturnal Predators. Forward set eyes. Soft, fluffy feathers.
649109684CaprimulgiformesNight Jars.
649109685ApodiformesHummingbirds and Swifts. Small birds with small feet.
649109686TrogoniformesQuetzals
649109687CoraciiformesKingfishers.
649109688PiciformesWoodpeckers and toucans. Zygodactyl toes.
649109689passeriformesPerching Birds
649109690Zygodactyl ToesTwo toes in front and two in back
649109691Znisodactyl toes.Hallux behind and three toes in front.
649109692OscinesTrue Songbirds. Have complex syrinx and song learning capability.
649109693SyrinxSong Box
649109694SuboscinesSouth America. Simple syrinx and limited singing ability.
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