Chapter 2 highlights for the "Out of Many" APUSH textbook.
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| 1634931301 | The Algonquians | Coastal Indian peoples who enjoyed a prosperous livelihood dependent on farming, fishing, and hunting from small, one to two dozen communal house, villages. The group encountered by the English at Roanoke was led by chief Wingina. | 0 | |
| 1634931302 | The English and the Algonquins at Roanoke | Wingina welcomed the English colonists as potential allies in his goal to extend his authority over others. He allowed settlers financed by Walter Raleigh to form a settlement on Roanoke Island, as well as sending two of his men to aid them (Manteo and Wanchese). These two men gave their chief conflicting reports, which created tension. Later on, the settlers were unable to support themselves and also killed many Indians with the European diseases they carried. As Indians grew impatient and hostile, the settlers took matters into their own hands and attacked the village, beheading Wingina and fleeing back to England as the possibility of using Indian labor died out. | 1 | |
| 1634931303 | Wingina | Chief of Algonquins who was beheaded by English settlers on Roanoke Island in 1586 | 2 | |
| 1634931304 | European Communities | Western Europe was primarily agricultural. Most Europeans were village people, focused on families which included men who performed basic fieldwork and women who were responsible for childcare, livestock, and food preparation. Daughters typically were married off and lived with the family of her new husband and patriarch, taking a dowry along with her; divorce was almost unknown. Europe's people lived in harsh conditions, subsisting on bread and porridge and hoping to avoid the infectious diseases that killed thousands. These conditions made colonizing the New World a very tempting offer. | 3 | |
| 1634931305 | The Merchant Class | Commerce took off during this time, and a new class of people came about. These people typically travelled from place to place, buying and selling goods for profit. | 4 | |
| 1634931306 | The Renaissance | Began in the city-states of Italy, which used armed commercial fleets to control Mediterranean trade. Merchants here funded the Crusades, which furnishes these merchants with the silk and spice trades. Also celebrates human nature through architecture, art, and literature. | 5 | |
| 1634931307 | Portuguese Exploration | Portugal is the first European nation to explore distant lands. Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a naval academy. Portugal explores the northwestern African coast for gold and slaves and establishes a sea route to India by sailing around Africa, establishing a trade empire based on spices and slaves. | 6 | |
| 1634931308 | Columbus Reaches the Americas | Columbus proposed sailing west to reach the Indies. Spain, France, and England all reject his proposal, but Spain accepts. Isabel and Ferdinand are hungry for more land. He leaves in August 1492, hitting land in October and thinking he hit the Indies (he reached the Bahamas). Columbus returns, also bringing knowledge of the Atlantic currents, as well as captured native Tainos and stories of gold and spices. Columbus returns with another force and begins to war with the Tainos; there were 300,000 Tainos in 1492, less than 30,000 within fifteen years, and practically eliminated by 1520. The colony Columbus establishes is unable to support itself, and the Spanish have him jailed in 1500. The New World is now known to Europeans. | 7 | |
| 1634931309 | The Invasion of America | Spanish explorers plunder the Caribbean Islands, enslaving the native people in a system called "encomienda". Though supposedly a reciprocal agreement, where the new Spanish lords protected the natives for their labor, it was systematic exploitation. The Spanish invade many areas and meet the Aztecs in 1517. The Aztecs were an advanced warrior society with a capital at Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Hernan Cortes lands on the Mexican coast and conquers the Aztec Empire in two years by allying with rival tribes (many of these tribes had been exploited for tributes and human sacrifice) while the Aztecs were facing a smallpox epidemic. | 8 | |
| 1634931310 | The Destruction of the Indies by Las Casas | Antonia de Montesinos and Bartolome de Las Casas condemn the violence. No one listens. The Destruction of the Indies (1552) by Las Casas details the Spanish abuses, which is used by other nations to hide their own exploitations, creating the "Black Legend" of Spanish conquest. Las Casas attributed the losses to warfare; in truth, starvation, a dropping birthrate, and diseases (influenza, plague, smallpox, measles, typhus) did most of the damage. | 9 | |
| 1634931311 | Intercontinental Exchange | This was the exchange of valuable metals (short-term) to Europe, cross-exchange of crops (potatoes, corn, tobacco, vanilla, chocolate, cotton to Europe; sugar, rice, and coffee to the Americas), and the introduction of domestic animals such as horses to the Americas. This exchange included diseases and people as well. | 10 | |
| 1634931312 | The First Europeans in North America | Ponce de Leon lands in North America in 1513, naming the spot he lands Florida. He is killed in 1521. A second invasion by Panfilo de Narvaez in 1528 is ruined by a shipwreck, with the survivors wandering around until they are found by Spanish slave hunters in 1536. A survivor named Nunez Cabeza de Vaca writes an account that tells of golden cities in an empire known as Cibola. De Soto lands in 1539 in search of Cibola, but he is turned back after a number of defeats (but not before leaving behind disease). De Soto dies on the way. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado leads another expedition, but finds nothing. The Spanish lose interest in the Southwest. | 11 | |
| 1634931313 | The Spanish New World Empire | A century after Columbus, 250,000 Europeans (mostly Spaniards) and 125,000 African slaves settle in Brazil, with the slaves working on Spanish plantations. Brazil is colonized under the Treaty of Tordesillas, an agreement written by the Pope of the time that splits the New World between Brazil and Portugal. Spanish women only make up 10% of the immigrant population; most male immigrants marry or cohabit with native or slave women, creating mixed-ancestry groups that would make up a new racial caste system (a mestizo being a person with a Spanish father and native mother, mulattoes being the other, etc). | 12 | |
| 1634931314 | Northern Exploration: Fish and Furs | Fisherman had been exploring coastal North American waters long before colonies were founded and found that the Grand Banks of the coast of Newfoundland had abundant cod; by 1500 hundreds of ships sailed annually to the Grand Banks. Captain Cartier established France's claims to the land of Canada. Fur Traders were crucial to New France's success, and Indians were active participants in the trade. In the early seventeenth century, the French made an effort to monopolize the trade. | 13 | |
| 1634931315 | The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies | The Protestant reformation refers to the challenge by Martin Luther to the Catholic Church, initiated in 1517, calling for a return to what he understood to the purer practices and beliefs of the early church. John Calvin developed the theological doctrine of predestination, the belief that god decided at the moment of creation which humans would achieve salvation. Protestants were the European supporters of the religious reform under Charles V's Holy Roman Empire. French colony made by Jean Ribault failed because he left to get supplies, but got caught up into religious wars; the colonists starved, resorted to cannibalism, and were eventually rescued by a passing British Ship. | 14 | |
| 1634931316 | Sixteenth Century England | Lords in England needed to make more money due to "New World" inflation, so they started to take land from farming tenants to graze sheep for the woolen trade. King Henry VIII converted to the Church of England in 1534 with himself at its head. After Henry VIII died, he was succeeded by his son, Edward VI, who died pretty soon; he was then succeeded by his half-sister Mary; Mary tried to undo the reform by killing lots of protestants, she was nicknamed "Bloody Mary."After Mary died, her half-sister Elizabeth I succeeded her, and she tried to end religious turmoil by tolerating a variety of views. She tried to take the Catholic Ireland, but the Irish fought back; their fighting back led the English to view them as a lesser people. | 15 | |
| 1634931317 | Early English Efforts in the Americas Summary | England's first voyages in the New World were made with the backdrop of a Spanish conflict. John Hawkins violated Spanish trade laws and then got attacked on a later voyage. England decided to join the hunt for American colonies. Gilbert died on his return to England after sailing to Newfoundland in 1583. His brother Raleigh made a colony at Roanoke which failed and became known as the lost colony. Unlike the French (who focused on commerce), the English decided to take a violent approach to colonization. Spain got mad at England because England took land that was "given" to Spain by the pope. | 16 | |
| 1634931319 | 1516 | Small Pox introduced to the New World. | 17 | |
| 1634931320 | Reconquista | The long struggle during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim occupiers. This led to the hunger for land and power that allowed Columbus to travel to the New World. | 18 | |
| 1634931321 | Norse Vikings | First Europeans in America; archaeological evidence found at L'Ase aux Meadows (coast of Newfoundland); only lasted a few years. | 19 | |
| 1634931322 | Francis Bacon | Founded the concept that the "three greatest inventions" propelled the economy. (compass, printing press, gunpowder). | 20 | |
| 1634931323 | Tainos | Native Caribbean people whom Columbus first encountered. | 21 | |
| 1635042780 | Feudalism | A medieval European social system in which land was divided into hundreds of small holdings | 22 | |
| 1635042781 | The Renaissance | The intellectual and artistic flowering in Europe during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries sparked a revival of interest in classical antiquity | 23 | |
| 1635042782 | Joao I | Favorite of the merchant class of Portugal -Was placed on the throne, wanted to establish Portuguese trading empire | 24 | |
| 1635042783 | Prince Henry | Son of Joao I, known as " the Navigator " -Established an academy of geographers, instrument makers, ship builders, and seamen -Sponsored expedition to establish ocean route to indies in 1453 | 25 | |
| 1635042784 | Bartolomeu Dias | Rounded tip of Africa in 1488 | 26 | |
| 1635042785 | Christopher Columbus | 1476: Moved to Lisbon -Wanted to sail west to reach indies -Rejected by Portugal, England, and France -Isabel and Ferdinand of Spain accept proposal -Motives are strictly imperial -Left Palos, Spain on August 1492 -Reached land in October -discovered clockwise circulation of atlantic winds and currents -1493: Departed from Spain to colonize islands -Decimated native Taino population -Arrested in 1500 - Died in 1506 | 27 | |
| 1635042786 | Isabel and Ferdinand | -Power couple -Ended Reconquista -Financed Christopher Columbus -Thrived on conquest | 28 | |
| 1635042787 | Amerigo Vespucci | Believed that the newly found land was a new world, and not the indies -Went to Caribbean in 1499 -America is named after him | 29 | |
| 1635042788 | Encomienda | Native indians were forced to work for Spanish lords (Akin to slavery) | 30 | |
| 1635042789 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Crossed isthmus of Panama to Pacific Ocean in 1517 | 31 | |
| 1635042790 | Hernan Cortes | 1519: Landed on Mexican Coast and overthrew Aztecs by 1521 -Exploited resentment of Aztecs by many of the other tribes of indians | 32 | |
| 1635042791 | Antonio de Montesinos | 1511: Protested horrors of conquest | 33 | |
| 1635042792 | Bartolome de las casas | Echoed Antonio de Montesinos -Had participated in plunder of Cuba -Had crisis of conscience -Said " Entire human race is one " -1552: Published _the Destruction of the Indies_ | 34 | |
| 1635042793 | Francisco Pizarro | 1532: Conquered the Incan Empire | 35 | |
| 1635042794 | Ponce de Leon | Governor of Puerto Rico -Attempted to extend conquest into North America ( in Florida ) 1513: Landed on mainland 1521: Murdered by Indians | 36 | |
| 1635042795 | Panfilo Narvaez | Attempted to invade/ conquer Florida in 1528 | 37 | |
| 1635042796 | Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca | Published account of adventures in Florida. | 38 | |
| 1635042797 | Hernando de Soto | Landed in Florida in 1539 with 700 men and pushed hundreds of miles into Florida -Took food and slaves from the natives -Turned back -Was killed before survivors made it back to Mexico | 39 | |
| 1635042798 | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | Led 300 horsemen and infantry with over 1000 indian allies against pueblos of the Rio Grande -Continued on, but found no gold(or golden city named Cibola) -Because of this, the Spanish lost interest in the Southwest | 40 | |
| 1635042799 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve the territorial claims of Spain and Portugal | 41 | |
| 1635042800 | Giovanni Caboto ( John Cabot ) | Reached Labrador in 1497 | 42 | |
| 1635042801 | Giovanni de Verrazano | 1524: Sailed American Coast from Cape Fear, North Carolina, and the Penobscot River, Maine | 43 | |
| 1635042802 | Cartier | Commissioned by French King to find Northwest Passage -Attempted to find it in 1534, 1535, and 1541 -Found St. Lawrence River, but failed to place settlements -Claimed Canada for France -Wanted furs for trade in Europe | 44 | |
| 1635042803 | Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church initiated in 1517, calling for a return to the purer practices and beliefs of the early Church | 45 | |
| 1635042804 | Martin Luther | German priest who declared in 1517 that eternal salvation was a gift from God and not related to words or service | 46 | |
| 1635042805 | John Calvin | French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. | 47 | |
| 1635042806 | Predestination | The belief that God decided at the moment of Creation which humans would achieve salvation | 48 | |
| 1635042807 | Jean Ribault | 1562: landed on Parris Island with 150 protestants from Normandy -Established another colony at Fort Caroline in 1564 | 49 | |
| 1635098413 | Protestants | All European supporters of religious reformation under Charles V's Holy Roman Empire | 50 | |
| 1635098414 | Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles | 1565: Attacked Fort Caroline and murdered Jean Ribault and the Huguenots -Colonized St. Augustine | 51 | |
| 1635098415 | King Henry VIII | Pope refused to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon -Declared himself head of a different Church and took away land given to the catholic Church -Used revenue from this land to create a standing Army and Navy -Formed solid alliance with wealthy merchant class -Died in 1547 -Succeeded by Edward VI who died | 52 | |
| 1635098416 | Mary | Edward VI's half sister -Called Bloody Mary -Murdered hundreds of english Protestants to reverse reformation | 53 | |
| 1635098417 | Elizabeth I | Tolerated variety of religious views -Urged Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert to subdue Irish Catholics and settle homeless English on their lands | 54 | |
| 1635098418 | Humphrey Gilbert | Used severed Irish heads as paving stones -1583: Attempted to colonize Newfoundland -Was lost on return voyage | 55 | |
| 1635102450 | John Hawkins | 1562: Violated Spanish Regulations 1567: Was attacked for it | 56 | |
| 1635102451 | Richard Halyut | Told Elizabeth I of the benefits of having colonies | 57 | |
| 1635102452 | Walter Raleigh | -1584-1587: Colonization attempt at Roanoke, but attempt eventually failed -Sought profit by creating colonies in America -Was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I | 58 | |
| 1635102453 | Thomas Harriot and John White | Published a book in 1588 _A Briefe and True report of the Newfoundland of Virginia_ -John White was the governor of Roanoke Island Colony, an artist, and the grandfather of Virginia Dare | 59 | |
| 1635102454 | King Phillip II | King of Spain -Attempted to invade and conquer British Isles in 1588 -Had 300 Ships and 30,000 men -Ships foundered and broke monopoly on the new world | 60 | |
| 1635120912 | Virginia Dare | The first baby ( English baby ) born in America | 61 | |
| 1635120913 | Francis Drake | Used Hawkins's attack as an excuse to raid Spanish ports and fleets | 62 | |
| 1635120914 | Martin Frobisher | Conducted three long voyages of exploration in the North | 63 |
