Key terms and ideas in Chapter 3 of R.R. Palmers masterpiece of tedium.
Spains golden age, 3o years war, changing social structures
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| 44776699 | asian commodities | Fabrics of silk and cotton, porcelains, fine steel, sugar, and above all, spices. | 0 | |
| 44776700 | Prince Henry | Portuguese prince. called "the Navigator," established a school at Sagres as a center for geographers, cartographers, mathematicians, ship captains and pilots. He sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa and far enough into the Atlantic to discover the Azores and Canary Islands. | 1 | |
| 44776701 | african commodities | gold, ivory and slaves | 2 | |
| 44776702 | Bartolomeu Dias | in 1488 reached the Cape of Good Hope and proved a sea passage south of Africa did exist.] | 3 | |
| 44776703 | Vasco De Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean | 4 | |
| 44776704 | Albuquerque (person) | 1st governor general of Portugal. Under him, developed trade stations at Goa, Aden, Ormuz, and on the African coast (first destroying the Arab-African cities that had been developed at such cities as Kilwa and Zanzibar). | 5 | |
| 44776705 | north american commodities | dye woods, cacao, and tobacco. | 6 | |
| 44780492 | Magellan | sailed southwest through the Straits of Magellan and began the first circumnavigation of the globe | 7 | |
| 44780493 | Cabot and Cartier | (2) investigated the north, claiming vast new lands for England and France and opened a colonial race that helped cause two centuries of war. | 8 | |
| 44780494 | the black legend | Created by protestants, a negative view of the new spanish empire | 9 | |
| 44780495 | encomienda system | a European master as placed in charge of a section of land, and native tenants--keeping their own lands--paid rent and owed services. | 10 | |
| 44780496 | mestizo | person of mixed European and Indian blood | 11 | |
| 44780497 | creoles | Europeans born in the New World | 12 | |
| 44780498 | peninsulares and gacophines | Europeans born and educated in the Old World | 13 | |
| 44780499 | potosi mines | Spanish-owned silver mines in the Andes, produced incredible weath for Spain | 14 | |
| 44780500 | changing social structures in the 16th century | As prices rose in the 16th century, the peasants who held land for set money prices were aided, and became the English yeomanry and their European counterparts. Also aided were the urban people who had invested in real property, and members of the aristocracy who received payments set "in kind" rather than in cash. Class lines tended to blur--as aristocrats moved to town, and well-to-do middle class bought country estates. But the more alike they were, the more important the badges of difference became--higher education and the symbolism of refined tastes. | 15 | |
| 44780501 | The Poor Law of 1601 | established workhouses in England, for the "irregular acting" poor to be distanced from the middle class | 16 | |
| 44785386 | siglo de oro | Spain's golden age, 1550-1650 | 17 | |
| 44785387 | Phillip II | King of Spain 1556-1598 who inherited inherited Spain, Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples, New World. A zealous catholic, enemy of Elizabeth I, built Escorial, | 18 | |
| 44785388 | Revolt of the Netherlands | Revolt against "foreigner" Philip. Political, economic, and religious. Began when Philip insisted on bringing Inquisition into Netherlands--mass revolt of fanatical Calvinists against "popery" and "idolatry". Philip sent the Duke of Alva, whose Council of Blood united the people under William of Orange. Result: anarchy and civil war, and a people united against Spain | 19 | |
| 44785389 | Council Of Blood | Duke of Alva's wartime terrors against the Netherlands for Spain. He executed thousands; raised new taxes; confiscated the estates of key, important nobles (BIG mistake) | 20 | |
| 44790304 | Mary Queen Of Scots | Possible heir to English throne, potential rallying point for English Catholics. Executed. | 21 | |
| 44790305 | decline of Spain | Generations of war produced hidalgos contemptuous of work. Concentration on religion produced economic weakness. Expulsion of Moriscos cost Spain its most socially valuable citizens. Split between Castillian and Catalan regions is worsened. Manufacturing stagnated because of trade. Dependent on foreign wealth and exploitation. | 22 | |
| 44790306 | calvinism in France | threatened both royal power and the idea of an established church. Monarchs began persecutions of French Huguenots in 1550s. | 23 | |
| 44790307 | St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre | 1572: Catherine tried to destroy Huguenot power, but instead began a terrible period of war with both sides hiring German mercenaries and the Catholic side aided by Spanish troops. Much of the Protestant southwest of France was devastated. | 24 | |
| 44790308 | politiques | Moderates seeking reconciliation to save France from anarchy. | 25 | |
| 44790309 | modern theory of sovereignty | created by Jean Bodin; "...in every society there must be one power strong enough to give law to all others, with their consent if possible, without their consent if necessary." | 26 | |
| 44790310 | Henry IV | a Huguenot politique who got the french throne in1589 after the assassinations of King Henry III and Henry of Guise. Became a Catholic to satisfy the Catholic party, but gave Huguenots the Edict of Nantes. | 27 | |
| 44806413 | Edict of Nantes | Protestantism was to be allowed among nobles or in towns (except episcopal centers of Paris). Protestants were given full civil rights and 100 fortified towns. Henry forced Catholic approval. | 28 | |
| 44806414 | Cardinal Richelieu | Adviser to French monarchs. His goals were to make the king supreme in France, and France supreme in Europe | 29 | |
| 44806415 | Richilieu's methods | Strengthen the economy through mercantilist measures; prohibit private warfare and dueling, thus weakening nobles; Suppress the Huguenot rebellion of LaRochelle, ended the Huguenot's right to fortified cities; Weaken the power of the Spanish Habsburgs. | 30 | |
| 44808401 | the thirty years war | (l)German civil war, between Catholic v Protestant (2)German civil war over constitutional issues, emperor v. independents (3)International war of Bourbons v. Habsburgs, Spanish v. Dutch, etc. (4)Soldiers of fortune, fighting purely for their own gains | 31 | |
| 44808402 | four phases of the war | bohemian, danish, swedish, swedish-french | 32 | |
| 44808403 | bohemian phase | (1618-1625): The famed "Defenestration of Prague" was the origin; soon the German Protestant Union joined with the Czechs in a war against the HRE and Spain. Result: the Catholics won; Protestantism was stamped out in Bohemia and Spain controlled the Rhineland. | 33 | |
| 44808404 | danish phase | (1625-1629): The Danish king reopened affairs, seeking to carve out a kingdom for his son, with financial help from the Dutch, English, and Richelieu. Albert of Wallenstein raised a personal army in the name of the emperor--and his mercenaries lived by pillaging everyone. The Danes were defeated, and Catholicism was on a roll. | 34 | |
| 44808405 | swedish phase | (1629-1635): France and Sweden were alarmed, and Sweden's king Gustavus Adolphus, with French subsidies, created the most modern army of the age--disciplined and using muskets, pikes, and cannon. The Swedes defeated the divided Germans, but Gus was killed; soon after Wallenstein was assassinated; the HRE pulled back, easing Protestant fears. | 35 | |
| 44808406 | swedish-french phase | (1635-1648): Richelieu now increased subsidies, and Spain attacked France directly. France retaliated by invading rebellious Catalonia. "In Germany the last...phase of the war was not so much a civil war among Germans as an international struggle on German soil." | 36 | |
| 44808407 | the Peace of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty years War in 1648. Peace of Augsburg was renewed, with the addition of Calvinism to the formula. Independence of Holland and Switzerland from the HRE was recognized. France received rights in Alsace and Lorraine (which remained independent). Sweden was given control of the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers. Brandenburg and Bavaria were given increased territory. German states were sovereign, all 300 of them, with no hope of unification. | 37 |
