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| 310357126 | industrial revolution | why did this happen in england? "only a country already wealthy from commerce and agriculture could have been the first to initiate the machine age." | |
| 310357127 | capitalist vs. non-capitalist societies | capitalist -private individuals or companies own the capital! non-capitalist societies known as socialist -government controls the capital | |
| 310357128 | industrial revolution-defined | "process of shifting from hand tools to power machinery." -working people are usually conservative -requires a mobility of people and of wealth | |
| 310357129 | agricultural revolution | Without this event, the industrial revolution would've never happened -landowners wanted more money and experimented to get more crops -landlords wanted the enclosure act -food supply increased, work demand decreased -new forms of crop rotation -landlords hired more people, jobs became mobile | |
| 311736513 | enclosure acts | Landowners in parliament passed hundreds of these.... -authorized enclosure by fences, walls, hedges, etc of the old common lands -land now under regime of private ownership -small owners were sold our or excluded -ownership of land now concentrated in the hands of the relatively small class of wealthy landlords | |
| 311736514 | cotton industry | this industry boomed and replaced the woolen cloth one. -before, england couldn't compete with the East by hand but innovations led to it being possible -eg: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin | |
| 311736515 | newcomen/watt | the first man built the first economically significant steam engine. but it was stationary because it consumed a great deal of fuel. the second improved upon the steam engine and partnered with matthew boulton. Together, they manufactured steam engines for both british use and export trade. | |
| 311736516 | proletarianization | ? mk | |
| 311736517 | english demographic changes | the population of britian was exploding! Great britan and Ireland's population tripled to 30 million in a century. -growth distributed unevenly -cities arose in the north/mid where the coal and steam power industries were. | |
| 311736518 | manchester | The first and most famous of industrial cities of modern type. -a rather large market town, but not significant enough to be reorganized as a borough for Parliament. -organized as a manor, manorial rights for lords had existed. the last lord was Sir Oswald Mosley -difficult for Manchester to deal with problems of rapid urbanization | |
| 311736519 | skilled vs. non skilled workers | Soon the skilled workers had worse conditions because non skilled workers were being hired in factories. Crafts by hand were less important now. | |
| 311736520 | cotton lords | the factory owners were called these. they were the first industrial capitalists -self-made men, came from intelligence, foresight, etc -lived in comfort, not luxuriously -reinvested capital -thought of landed gentlemen and poor as idlers -honest but stretched law as far as possible -wanted no public regulation on their business | |
| 311736521 | robert peel | A cotton magnate who pushed the first Factory Act in Parliament. -wanted to regulate conditions of the pauper children -however, there was no chance that it would ever pass. | |
| 311736522 | manchester school/classical economics | doctrine dubbed by opponents as laissez faire -wanted completely free market -natural laws -influenced by Adam smith -'iron law of wages" people shouldnt get more than minimum because it leads to more children and less food. -no tariffs! -political economics in Manchester were considered "dismal science" due to grim principles | |
| 311736523 | railroads | locomotives! -steam engines placed on wheels and on rail ways, now they could move -George Stpehnson's Rocket was the first, at 16 miles an hour. -new era of railroad construction in England and US! | |
| 311736524 | thomas malthus | one of the mentioned economists of the time who came up with what was known as "laissez faire". basically free market. T. M. | |
| 311736525 | david ricardo | one of the mentioned economists of the time who came up with what was known as "laissez faire". basically free market. D. R. | |
| 315351721 | isms | The French Revolution and Industrial revolution led to the development of doctrines and movements. Even though there was rapid coinage of these, it didn't mean they were necessarily new ideas. The originated from the Enlightenment or even before hand. Simply, it showed that people were making their ideas more systematic and analyzing their society as whole. | |
| 315351722 | romanticism | The only non political -ism. Primarily a theory of literature and the arts. Names: Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron, Victor Hugo, Chateaubriand, Schiller and Schlegels -Represented a new way of sensing human experience -love of the unclassifiable--moodes/impressions, sights, etc -value of feeling as well as reason -loved mystery -looked upon middle ages with nostalgia -both conservative and radical romantics existed | |
| 315351723 | classical liberalism | People who associated themselves with this ism were generally of the business and professional classes. -high value on representative/parliamentary government -wanted full publicity of government actions -did not want universal suffrage (not democrats) -emphasis on the right of property -laissez faire Manchester school econ -didn't like war/revolution | |
| 315351724 | radicalism | This belief was made popular during the French revolution -working-class leaders and industrial capitalists -followers of elderly sage Jeremy Bentham -based on the nature and psychology of man -wanted reconstruction of everything | |
| 315351725 | republicanism | On the Continent, this ism was more militant. -a minority even in France and Italy and Germany -drawn from intelligentsia -often joined in secret societies -wanted further revolutionary upheaval -demanded universal suffrage and parliamentary government -hated church, monarchies and anarchists -considered by most people to be a little better than anarchists | |
| 315351726 | socialism | Republicanism shaded off into this ism -generally shared political attitudes of republicanism but added more ideas -questioned capitalism, thought current system was completely unfair and that the wealth was unevenly distributed -believed that the civil and legal equality brought by the French revolution needed to extend to other things. | |
| 315351727 | robert owen | Of Manchester, he was one of the first socialists and also one of the first cotton lords -didn't like worker's condtions -gave his employees high wages, shorter hours, company stores and lectures on vice and being drunk. -handicapped by other industrialists and unpopular radicalism of religion | |
| 315351728 | saint-simon | This French count wrote books on socialism. -followers called saint-simonians -advocated for public ownership of capital and industrial equipment -control vested in hands of great captains, who would plan vast projects like digging the Suez Canal | |
| 315351729 | charles fourier | This man condemned all known institutions. A socialist -proposed society to be in small units called phalansteries consisting of 1,620 persons -none were successfully done though a few in the US--Brook Farm movement in Massachusetts | |
| 315351730 | louis blanc | A spokesman and Parisian journalist, this man wrote Revue de progres and Organization of Work, which were constructive socialist writings. Proposed system of social workshops, state-supported manufacturing centers with no private capitalist intervention. | |
| 315351731 | william cockerill | mckay. to come | |
| 315351732 | fritz harkort | mckay. to come | |
| 315351733 | friedrich list | In economics, this man wrote National System of Political Economy. -stated political economy in England only worked for england -other countries must first develop factories, industries and capital of its own--high tariffs for protection must first be put up -free trade was meant to keep England as the world's industrial center | |
| 315351734 | credit mobilier | mckay. to come | |
| 315351735 | cultural nationalism | this type of movement happened in Eastern Europe more than Western. It considered the history, customs and cultures of a place. | |
| 315351736 | political nationalism | According to Hegel, the key to nationalism lied in being a sovereign country. This type of movement occurred the most in Western Europe, becoming a near obsession for the Germans. | |
| 315351737 | joseph mazzini | the best known of nationalist philosophers in Western Europe, from Italy but exiled to live in france and england. -founded Young Italy -considered nationalism and revolution a holy cause -wrote "the Duties of man" duty to a nation almost equivalent to duty to a family or duty to God | |
| 315351738 | brothers grimm | these siblings went around Germany and collected stories and made a collection of famous fairy tales. They attempted to find the ancient, native indigenous spirit of Germany and spread it around through folklore. | |
| 315351739 | hegel-beliefs | Hegel's philosophy made history very important. -nationalism could only be guaranteed through sovereignty -the very "disunity of Germany, by producing the idea of unity, would bring about the creation of a German state." k palmer | |
| 315351740 | leopold von ranke | A German historian who founded a scientific school of historical writing -owned incentive to national feeling -"Latin and Teutonic peoples" Europe owed much of its greatness to coexistence of several distinct nations despite countries trying to take over -believed Western principles were not suited to the national character of Germany | |
| 315351741 | slavic revival | The most far reaching of nationalistic movements in Eastern Europe. -all branches of slavs came to life -upper classes were urged to have pride in their history and speak the same language ...:| | |
| 315351742 | edmund burke--conservatism | This english figure inspired future followers in this ism. -gradual adaptation was the key -monarchism was an example of an extreme version of this ism -gone was enlightened despotism -opposed the liberal idea of representative government | |
| 315351743 | karl marx--basic beliefs | it said to skip? mckay.. COMMUNISM! -part of the group of german revolutionaries, along with Friedrich Engles | |
| 317683284 | white terror | There were many exasperated royalist counterrevolutionaries because Louis XVIII granted amnesty to the regicides of 1793... they caused this to break out. -Bonapartist and republicans were murdered by upper class youths -catholic mobs killed protestants -chamber of deputies (tiny electorate of 100,000 landowners) were more royalist than the king. | |
| 317683285 | charles X | Brother of Louis XVIII, he succeeded the throne in France--also father of the late duke de Berry -had been among the first to emigrate in 1789 -favorite bourbon among reactionaries -said he ruled by divine right -stamped out revolutionary republicanism, liberalism and constitutionalism | |
| 317683286 | poland | this country had disagreements with its constitutional king Alexander. -not much freedom for the diet to come up with legislation -elected diet could not get along with russian viceroy -dissatisfied with borders -university of vilna formed secret societies, but eventually repressed | |
| 317683287 | burschenschaft | in germany, students formed college clubs called these. they were centers of serious political discussion. -a type of german youth movement -held a nationwide congress at Wartburg -not at direct threat but made governments nervous -made metternich realized he needed to intervene | |
| 317683288 | carlsbad decrees | these decrees in germany -dissolved burschenschaft and nationalistic gymnastic clubs -placed government officials in universities -censored press -remained in force for many years, checked liberals/nationalist ideas in Germany | |
| 317683289 | peterloo massacre | in england, industrialists wanted better representation and organized mass meetings of protest -Manchester, 80,000 peopel staged an enormous demonstration at St. Peter's Fields -demanded universal male suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons and a repeal of the Corn laws -perfectly ordered by shot on, 400 wounded -radicals called it by this name.. | |
| 317683290 | six acts of 1819 | after the peterloo massacre, parliament immediately passed these acts in this year. -outlawed "seditious and blasphemous" literature -put a heavy stamp tax on newspapers -authorized search of private house for arms -restricted right of public meeting | |
| 317683291 | holy alliance | this was sec 51.. but it might be mckay anyway, Alexander was looked upon as sketchy by other leaders because of his dreamer type attitude and attempt to mix christianity with politics, as shown by this alliance. -a promise to uphold christian morals in political leadership -made many leaders sign it but because the pope didnt, no one took it seriously | |
| 318825166 | congress of aix-la-chapelle | In 1818, this was the first general postwar assemblage. -purpose: withdraw allied army of occupation from france to create more support for Louis XVIII -arranged for private bankers to take over French reparations debt -alexander suggested this to be a permanent European union -castlereagh didn't want that though -congress discussed problems of atlantic slave trade and barbary pirates but britian refused to use their navy, nothing was done "growth of international institutions were blocked by separate interests of sovereign states." | |
| 318825167 | congress of troppau | 1820 this congress happened due to revolts in Naples and Metternich freaked out. -Metternich had a problem: Alexander -GB and France didn't bother send representatives -at an Inn, Metternich persuaded Alexander to be more reactionary | |
| 318825168 | protocol of troppau | this document was drafted at the congress of troppau for the 5 great powers to consider. Only Austria, Prussia and Russia signed it. -held europe to be protected by collective international action, balance of power -authorized metternich to send austrian army into naples where reaction won "a gap opened between the three eastern autocracies and two western powers" | |
| 318825169 | latin american revolutions-problems faced | not exactly sure what he meant. anyway probs-revolution in latin america barely spread because most of the native indians or mestizos lived in depressed conditions far from the cities. there were no mass popular movements -vast extent, over 6 million miles including mountains, less unit -revolts were separate occurrences -no continental congress took place | |
| 318825170 | monroe doctrine | Basically, this stated that any country trying to re-colonialize south american would be frowned upon by the US. -George Canning, british foreign minster, first proposed a joint statement but John Q adams advised just a one country statement -counterblast to metternich's protocol of troppau -depended on cooperation of british fleet | |
| 318825171 | collapse of system | the congress system collapsed because it did nothing but stand for the status quo, and each member had its own interests. GB never wanted in in the first place. | |
| 318825172 | constantine and nicholas | the two competitors for the russian throne after alexander died. one was more reformist but he gave up the claim to his other brother. several revolts occurred, none that amounted to much. | |
| 318825173 | decemberist revolt 1825-effects | Because of this event in this year, Constantine renounced his claims and so Nicholas was the rightful heir. -first manifestation of modern revolutionary movement in Russia -inspired by an ideological program, as distinguished as Pugachev and Stephen Revin -effect: clamped down on repression even more "the dike--a massive dike--seemed to be containing the flood." you scumm | |
| 321679029 | July Ordinances | Charles X issued these with his own authority July 26 1830 -one dissolved newly elected chamber before it even met -one censored the press -one amended suffrage to reduce voting power of B's and concentrated it on the old fashioned aristocracy -fourth called for a new election on this basis | |
| 321679030 | July Revolution | July Ordinances led to the July Revolution -upper B class was desperate because they were ousted from political life -republicans (revolutionary workers, students and intelligentsia in Paris) began to march -for three days from July 27 to 29 barricades were thrown up in Paris, most of the army refused to fire -Charles X didn't want to be like Louis XVI so he abdicated and flew to England | |
| 321679031 | Duke of Orleans/Louis Philippe | After the July Rev, Lafayette, a symbol of national unity, came forth with a compromise. -Duke of Orleans would be the new king -relative of the Bourbons -served in Republican armies, trusted by militant republicans -title was.. -observed the constitutional charter of 1814 | |
| 321679032 | Orleanist/Bourgeois/July Monarchy | Views of this: -other states of Europe, clergy and legitimists in France thought of this new government as shockingly revolutionary -produced an effect on the established classes -flew the tricolor flag, not white of the Bourbons -cultivated a popular manner, wore sober dark clothing.. modern business suit -in public adhered scrupulously to the constitution -in private worked toard maintain his royal position | |
| 321679033 | Dutch/Belgian Union (benefits-problems) | Dutch/Belgian Union Benefits: belgian industry complemented the commercial and shipping activity of the dutch Problems: Politically, it worked very poorly. -Dutch king was absolutist -Belgians always guarded their local liberties zealously (Aus and Spain) -Catholic Belgians disliked dutch protestantism -Walloons (French speaking belgians) objected to regulations requiring use of Dutch | |
| 321679034 | Polish Revolt | Polish nationalist thought that the fall of the Bourbons was a timely moment to strike -objected to Russian troops crossing their territory because they knew they would spread reactionary practices. -Jan 1831 Polish diet proclaimed the dethronement of their king and sent in a large army -obtained no outside support and was crushed -poland became very oppressed | |
| 321679035 | Canning and Peel | These two were notable figures of the Tories who came forward in the 1820s. -one was the foreign minister -one was the son of one of the first cotton lords | |
| 321679036 | Liberal Tories | Facts about this political party: -sensitive to the needs of British business and to the doctrines of liberalism -reduced tariffs and liberalized the old Navigation acts -advanced liberal conception of a freely exchanging international system -undermined the legal position of the church of england -repealed Test Act -capital punishment was abolished for about 100 offenses -professional police force was introduced COULD NOT: -question corn laws -reform house of commons | |
| 321679037 | Corn Laws | forbade the importation of grain and so prices of grain rose to new heights with this legislation | |
| 321679038 | Whigs | the other party of England, competing with the Tories -constantly tried to raise the issue of better representation of house of commons | |
| 321679039 | Reform bill of 1832 | a "very english measure" -adapted the english or medieval system rather than following the ideas of the French Revolution -members of house of C to be represented by boroughs and countries without regard to size in population -qualifications for voting were simplified, but still kind of complex -defined in terms of rents as well -vote was nicely distributed according to evidences of economic substance, reliability and permanence -from 50,000 electors to 813,000 -some people actually lost their votes..haha | |
| 321679040 | Factory act of 1833 | This act brought by the Tories forbade the labor of children less than 9 years old in textile mills. -first effective piece of legislation on the subject -provided for paid inspectors and procedures for enforcement. | |
| 321679041 | Ten Hours act 1847 | Greatest victory of the legislation passed by Tories -limited the labor of women and children in all industrial establishments to 10 hours a day -commonly applied to men as well -great Liberal John Bright, Quaker and cotton magnate, called this a "delusion practiced on the working classes" -considered to go against laissez faire, but still stood | |
| 321679042 | Anti-Corn Law League | Whig-liberal-radical combination established this in 1838 -wage earners disliked b/c it rose price of food -industrial employers thought england had the disadvantage in export trade -headquarters were in Manchester, operated like a political party -had lots of money, published books, had meetings and political teas -Tory government, headed by sir robert peel in 1846 yielded after famine in Ireland | |
| 321679043 | Lord Palmerston | Heavily defended Britain and freedom on seas--anglo-irish whig aristocrat -1850 Don Pacifico, a british subject, got in trouble in greece because of certain debts owned to him by the greek gvt, this man sent in navy until matters were settled -1856 chinese authorities arrested a ship called the Arrow which was flying the british flag, this man called in the navy and the effect was the Second Anglo-chinese war -favored movements for nationalist independence including that of the Confederate States of America, expecting them to result in further extension of free trade. | |
| 321679044 | Chartist movement | in Britain, socialist ideas were advanced by the working-class group... which was called this.. -drafted the People's Charter in 1838 -eg: journalist Bronterre O'Brien -more of a mass movement than french socialism -all anticapitalistic -first step: working class representation in Parliament | |
| 321880350 | golden age of the bourgeoisie | in general, the decades following 1830 were thought of as this... 19th century b's and aristocracy begun to look the same in pursuits and style of life. B's now began to contrast the working class; those who depended on labor in shops, offices, farms or factories. reigning liberal doctrine was the "stake in society" theory--those who have something to lose should govern. | |
| 321880351 | prolétaires | in France, people spoke worriedly of these, those at the bottom of society who had nothing to lose. fear of socialism :o | |
| 321880352 | poor law of 1834 | in Britain, this was passed and was especially repugnant to british working classes -corrected crying evils of poor laws that left milions in poverty -did nothing to relieve productive workers' suffering from ocassionally or cyclical unemployment -main principle was to safeguard the labor market -made relief more unpleasant than any other job -poorhouses called "bastilles" -workers resented whole conception of labor market, where labor was sold like any other commodity | |
| 321880353 | charter of 1838 | During the chartist movement, this document was proposed consisting of these 6 points: -annual election of house of commons by -universal suffrage for all adult males through -secret ballot and -equal electoral districts and called for -the abolition of property qualifications for membership in the house of commons, and -the payment of salaries to the elected members of parliament | |
| 321880354 | lack of international system 1815-1848 | Because of the contrast between the East and the west, there was this... 1815-1848 West: favored principles of nationality, growing richer, more liberal, more bourgeois with more liberal conceptions moving foward East: opposed principles of nationality, enjoyed less dignities, composed of three main autocratic monarchies | |
| 326890909 | "unreal" politics | The july monarchy in France oppressed republicans, and it was said that politics were starting to be ... -not very representative in the chamber of deputies -bourgeois class had no representation -corruption and economic fraud were up high -radicals wanted universal suffrage and a republic -liberals wanted broadening of voting rights within existing constitutional monarchy -prime minister guizot and louis phillippe should've allied with liberals against the radicals, but instead turned completely reactionary. | |
| 326890910 | february revolution (1848) | In France, reformers against Louis Phillippe planned a banquet in Paris February 22 1848 to be accompanied by demonstrations in the streets. -government forbade such a meeting -night barricades were built, government called upon nat'l guard, which refused to move -king promised electoral reform but republican firebrands took charge and fired on the guards, guards fought back -feb 24 Louis Phillippe abdicated and went to England | |
| 326890911 | louis blanc | 2nd card on him.... a social republican that was part of the constituent assembly after the february revolution. -urged provisional government to push through economic/social reform -his ideas were watered down a lot -proposed the ideas of social workshops -came in last when elections were held later | |
| 326890912 | national/social workshops | proposed by louis blanc, he wanted the ministry of progress to create these.. -state supported and collectivist manufacturing establishments that he had projected in his writings -instead what he got was a Labor Commission with limited powers and a system of shops entitled national rather than social. -unable to win acceptance for 10 hour day -no significant work was ever assigned to these for fear of competition with private enterprise -man in charge said they were just there to prove fallacies of socialism | |
| 326890913 | may 15 1848 | men in the national workshops began to feel desperate and attacked the constituent assembly, driving out the members. -set up a new provisional government of its own -announced this revolution must be purely political -national guard turned against it and restored the constituent -as a result, the constituent wanted to fully root out socialism and got rid of the national workshops, those enrolled now went to the army or provincial workshops | |
| 326890914 | bloody june days | when the constituent proclaimed martial law, these days followed -terrifying class war raged in paris -paris became a labyrinth of barricades -citizens and soldiers fired at each other -10,000 people killed/wounded -11,000 taken prisoner and deported to the colonies -sent a shudder throughout france and europe | |
| 326890915 | four candidates | The Constituent decided to create a strong executive power in the hands of a president to be elected by universal male suffrage. Here were the 4 candidates! -lamartine: vaguely moral and idealistic preparation -cavaignac: for a republic of disciplined order -ledru-rollin for somewhat chastened "social" ideas -Louis Napoleon bonaparte- unclear what he wanted but won by an avalanche | |
| 326890916 | louis napoleon bonaparte | Background of this person -born in 1808, nephew of great napoleon -father was louis bonaparte who was the king of holland -wanted to restore glories of the empire -after failing to seize power in strasbourge and boulogne, he was sentenced to prison in the fortress of Ham -disguised as a stonemason, he walked out -expressed advanced social and political ideas -likely part of the italian revolutionary uprising of 1830 -wrote 2 books, expressing napoleonic ideas -no friend of anarchists, against chartists -supposed to be a friend of the common people and a believer in order | |
| 326890917 | legislative assembly of the second republic--policies | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the legislative assembly both wanted to conjure away the specter of socialism -abortive insurrection of june 1849 provided the chance -ousted 33 socialist deputies, suppressed public meetings and imposed controls on the press -rescinded universal male suffrage, 1/3 of people lost their vote | |
| 326890918 | falloux law 1850 | This was passed under Louis Napoleon Bonaparte -put schools at all levels of the educational system under supervision of the catholic clergy -believed lay teachers made principles of social revolution popular -now french republic was actually an antirepublican government -french military forces were sent to rome to protect the pope, stayed there for 20 years. | |
| 326890919 | coup d'état december 1851 | Bonaparte on dec 2 1851, wanted to appease the radicals and so caused this action. -placards appeared all over paris -declared assembly was dissolved, reaffirmed male suffrage -country didn't submit without fighting, 150 killed -voters elected bonaparte president for a term of 10 years -a year later he proclaimed the empire, calling himself napoleon III | |
| 326890920 | louis kossuth | In Hungary, this person led the revolt in hungary. Radical. | |
| 326890921 | march laws/march days | In march in austria, everything collapsed -march 13 workingmen and students rose in vienna, manned barricades, fought off soldiers and invaded imperial palace -government terrified, metternich fled -rev swept through empire, italy and germany -vienna's structure went to pieces: hungary and bohemia claimed separate government, prussia yielded to revolutionaries, germany was preparing to unify itself, and there was war in italy. | |
| 326890922 | failure of the march revolts | Why march revolt failed -old governments had only been stunned, not really broken -revolutionary leaders were not very strong, from the middle class, mostly men of ideas -people were not as literate, organized or politically conscious as in Paris or great britian -liberated nationalities began to disagree -armies remained almost immune to nationalist aspirations because junkers= officers, peasants = soldiers attitude of armies was decisive. | |
| 326890923 | vienna, october 1848 | in this place on this date, the clear sighted revolutionaries rose into a second mass insurrection. it caused the emperor to flee. at the same time, military leader windischgratz besiged vienna for 5 days and forced surrender. | |
| 326890924 | emperor francis joseph | with the recapture of vienna, the upholders of the old order took charge. Ferdinand abdicated because he had made too many promises of a constitution and was succeeded by this man.. a boy of 18. destined to end his reign in a crisis even more shattering than when he began. | |
| 326890925 | pope pius ix--syllabus of errors | This formerly liberal religious leader codified his beliefs in this work. It warned all catholics, on the authority of the vatican, against everything that went under the names of liberalism, progress and civilization. | |
| 326890926 | bach system | This system was named after the Austrian minister or interior, alexander bach. -government rigidly solidified -hungary lost separate rights it had even before 1848 -goal: create a solid and unitary political system -abolition of serfdom was maintained, as it caused peasants to be subjects of the states and not their landlords. | |
| 326890927 | frankfurt assembly | info -met in may 1848 -overwhelmingly profession people -wanted liberal, self-governing, federally unified and democratic but not equalitarian germany -very peacable -would not used controlled popular violence -reliant on prussian army | |
| 326890928 | frederick william IV | successor to the prussian throne, evaded granting a modern constitution at first -neomedeieval romantic -man of projects | |
| 326890929 | prussian radicals--weaknesses | not sure | |
| 326890930 | frankfurt liberals--weaknesses | dependent on army | |
| 326890931 | frankfurt assembly--what is germany | The question still remained in the frankfurt assembly...????????????!!!!!!!!!! great germans wanted germany to include austrian lands, but not hungary, federal crown offered to habsburgs little germans thought austria should be excluded and new germany should comprise the smaller states and entire kingdom of prussia, king of prussia = federal emperor | |
| 326890932 | declaration of the rights of the german people | in December the frankfurt assembly issued this.. -humane and high minded -announced many individual rights along the lines of french and american documents -difference: pertained to germans only, not of man in general -excluded austria -1849 april, completed. | |
| 326890933 | crown from the gutter | The Little Germans proposed that Frederick william take the crown of the new germany but the army officers and landlords didn't want him to. FW didn't want trouble with austria and hohenzollerns never accepted thrones limited by constitutionalism. he was quoted in saying he could not ...... and turned down the offer. | |
| 326890934 | forty-eighters | Germany failed to solve the problem of unification in a liberal and constitutional way. Many liberals migrated to the US and were known as these.. brought a stream of men trained in science, medicine and music. | |
| 326890935 | prussian constitution--main points | In prussia the monarch wrote this constitution, in effect 1850-1918 -granted a single parliament for miscellaneous regions of prussia -parliament met in 2 chambers -lower: universal male suffrage -divided population in 3 estates: wealthy, less wealthy and general run of the people, according to taxes -one large property owner had as much voting power as hundreds of voting people -for 1850, fairly progressive -but by 1918 reactionary.. obv | |
| 328199573 | realism | After 1848, a new mental toughness appeared, known as materialism -everything mental, spiritual or ideal = outgrowth of physical or physiological forces, in literature/arts it was called this -more people came to trust science -skepticism was faced toward religion -things were depicted the way it was -wishful thinking was silly | |
| 328199574 | auguste comte and positivism | this man came up with this ism! -originated from a french philosopher -saw human history as a series of three stages: theological, metaphysical, scientific -to improve society: look to science. sociology was coined -build upon observation of actual facts to develop broad scientific laws of social progress -an insistence on verifiable facts, no wishful thinking, no generalizations | |
| 328199575 | sociology | Coined by auguste comte -science of society -added to branch of science -build upon observation of actual facts to develop broad scientific laws of social progress | |
| 328199576 | realpolitik | new toughness of mind called this by germans... politics of reality -domestic: meant that people should give up utopian dreams -radicals: should stop imagining new society would result from goodness or love of an idea -social: must resort to the methods of politics--power and calculation -international affairs: governments should not be guided by ideology or any system of natural enemies/natural allies--should follow own practical interests -war was accepted in 1850s as a means to achieve a purpose, sometimes -karl marx and louis nap bonaparte, eg, bismarck | |
| 328199577 | karl marx | background: 1 son of lawyer in prussian rhineland 2 studied law and philosophy and german universities 3 mixed with german intellectuals wrote Communist manifesto w/ engels wrote Capital | |
| 328199578 | friedrich engels | background 1 son of well-to-do german textile manufacturer 2 sent as a young man to manchester in england, father owned factory 3 learned business from that wrote communist manifesto w/ marx | |
| 328199579 | 3 sources of marxism | 1. french revolution 2. industrial revolution 3. hegel's beliefs | |
| 328199580 | communist manifesto | published in jan 1848, it was a summons to revolution. written by engels and marx -dramatized some facts -eg depressed condition of labor -most of wealth was reinvested, not given to the poor who had worked -religion served as opium to the masses -church cared little about people -family life was disintegrating among laboring people in cities -a large amount of wealth went to the fewest amount of people | |
| 328199581 | labor theory of value | marx developed much of his economic theory in Capital, this theory stated -value of any man made object depended on amount of labor -capital = stored up labor of former times -orthodox economists soon discarded the theory that economic value was only based on the input | |
| 328199582 | surplus value | from the labor theory of value, marx developed this term -meant workers were being robbered -difference of what they got vs what they should've was expropriated by bourgeoisie capitalists -capitalism was constantly menaced by overproduction, accumulation of good that people could not buy | |
| 328199583 | dialectical materialism | brought many of marx's economic ideas together dialectic: what hegel meant, all things are in movement and evolution -logical -said history happens for a reason, not by chance, all leads to next step | |
| 328199584 | marx: differences from hegel | marx differed from hegel in one vital respect hegel emphasized primacy of ideas in social change marx emphasized material conditions or the relations of production: technology, inventions, natural resources, property systems: determine: religions, philosophies, governments, laws and moral values roots; econ/ social conditions tree: ideas hegel: opposite |
