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Parasitology Flashcards

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5028898834Schistosomiasis History-eggs found in ancient Egyptian mummies - Effected Napoleon troops when he invaded Egypt (bloating, blood in urine) -Theodore Bilhard discovered adult worms -1905 Patrick Manson discovered difference between urinary and intestinal worms, same time in Japan Okayama discovered separate species japonicum0
5028919563Schistosomiasis Distribution- young males more likely to be infected -can only get infected by being in water -cultural activities promote infection (cause standing in infected freshwater for extended periods)1
5029031554Schistosomiasis Study: Théron, Pointier, and Combes-Split stream in Guadeloupe in to sections -Tested every hour for 24 hours -Found most cecaria in downriver around 2pm2
5044904130Schistosome: General Features-Male has split down body where the longer thinner female sits -Can stay together for years3
5044912774Schistosome: Pathology-Specifically infects blood vessels -Are clear but look red b/c they feed on blood -Long and narrow specifically to fit in veins -Can live up to 20 years in a human -Parasitic to humans and mammals4
5044928506Schistosomiasis Infection (Bilharzia)-200 million infected, 20 million die every year -Wide range of infection, don't have to show symptoms -Disease severity directly related to how many worms are in host, b/c the eggs they lay are what cause they problems5
5044945370Schistosomata mansoni-Intestinal -Found in Africa, middle east, and Caribbean islands (widest distribution) -1st host: snail Biomphalaria -Reservoir hosts: rodents, opossums, monkeys, baboons (which can infect humans) -Definitive host: humans6
5044970409Schistosomata haematobium-Urinary -Found in Africa and the middle east -1st host: snail Bulinus -Difinitive host: humans7
5044982006Schistosomata japonicum-Intestinal -Found in south east Asia -1st host: snail Oncomelania -Definitive hosts: humans, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, pigs, ect.8
5106975067Schistosomiasis Life Cycle-Hepatic portal system (veins that drain gut) or in veins of bladder - Eggs leave body by going to gut or bladder -Osmotic pressure triggers hatch once out of host -Miricidium brrows in to foot of snail -Develops in to sporocyst, make more sporocysts -Travel to gonad, become cecaria and then swim out of snail (all have forked tail) -Penetrates skin of next host (human) -Now a schistosomule, finds way to veins and travels to lungs then either bladder or liver -Waits there until mate appears, stay together forever9
5107018673Schistosomiasis Pathology-Symptoms caused by eggs -Eggs try to burrow to the bladder or liver but can get lost -Use host immune response causes egg to become granuloma which is helpful to get out but if they get stuck it causes a problem -30-40% make it out -Host recognizes that the stuck eggs are foreign and traps it with fibers and calcifies it -Trapped in liver causes liver problems, in blood causes heart problems, in bladder wall causes bladder problems -Spleen becomes overworked, gets enlarged (spleenomegaly)10
5107052225Haematobium-Eggs of schistosome gets stuck in bladder wall, bladder hardens and causes blood to be in the urine11
5107059778Schistosomiasis diagnosis/treatment-Look for symptoms and test feces or urine for eggs -Treatment only praziquantal, kills adult worms12
5107080919Schistosome cercarial dermatitis- "Swimmers itch" -Caused by cercaria of avian schistosome (usually hangs out at the surface of the water looking for birds) -Burrows in to human but gets lost, wandering around under your skin -Host has immune response/allergic reaction -Takes a few days for immune system to remove them13
5107106822Clonorchis sinensisTrematode -"Chinese liver fluke" -Found in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam -Adult in human bile duct, which drains the liver and gall bladder -Eggs land in gut -Miricidium only hatches after eaten by snail -Once eaten they produce sporocysts, then redia, then cecaria -Cecaria swim out of now castrated snail, tries to find fish (freshwater) -Encysts under fish scales (metacecaria) -Waits to be eaten (uncooked fish)14
5107132795Clonorchiasis-Infection of Clonorchis sinensis -Can only avoid by cooking fish -Erodes lining of bile duct, interferes with liver function -Diagnosed with fecal sample, use praziquantal15
5107148573Paragonimus westermaniTrematode -Infects multiple mammals, infecting cats the same way it infects humans -Uterus looks like a little flower -Adult worms in lungs, eggs coughed out or coughed and swallowed then pooped out -Miricidium hatches and then penetrates snail, becomes sporocyst, then redia, then cecaria -Cecaria leaves snail, (has knobby tail), crawls to a crab -Encysts in crab organs, waits to be eaten, then burrows to lungs -Can only be avoided by cooking crab16
5107171615Pragonimiasis-Infection of Paragonimus westermani -Can be caught when people use utensils that prepared raw crab -Inflammatory in lungs -Rare but can accidentally migrate to spinal chord and cause paralysis -Looks like regular bacterial infection in x-ray -Diagnosed with spit or feces test, treated with praziquantal17
5107202458Dicrocoelium dendriticumTrematode -Adults in ruminants (farm mammals) -Eggs get pooped out, then eaten by snail, miricidium hatches, makes sporocysts, then cecaria which are released in slime ball -Ant eats slime ball, and cecaria go to ants body cavity or its subesophageal ganglium, which is nervous system that controls jaw, and encysts -At night, causes ant to climb blade of grass and latch on with jaw -During day, ant goes about ant buisness -Triggered by temperature change -Wants ant to be eaten by sheep who eat grass18
5107244197Leucochloridium paradoxumTrematode -Goes between land snail and little bird -Sprocysts develop sacs in snails tentacles that are huge, colorful, and pulsate -Makes them easier to see to be eaten by bird19
5107277328Euhaplorchis californensisTrematode -Marine parasite, adults pooped out by birds, miricidium look for snail, cecariae leave snail -Travel to brain case of salt marsh kilifish -In lab, saw that fish more erratically, in field saw infected fish more likely to be eaten by bird20
5107307072Mesozoa dicyemida-Phylum Mesozoa least understood group -dicemida only effects kidneys of cephalopds, and consist of cilial cells -Axial cell for reproduction -No negative effect? -Think 100% cephalopods are infected -Lives under very low oxygen level -21
5107339993Mesozoa dicyemida life cycleThe axial cell contains smaller cells called axoblasts. These axoblasts give rise to either, vermiform(long and thin) asexual larvae called nematogens sexually reproducing individuals called rhombogens. the two forms are physically identical as far as we know. The only difference being that in the nematogen stage the axoblasts produce more nematogens and in the rhombogen stage they produce infusorigens which serve as the animals gonads (organs which produce eggs and sperm). The eggs are fertilised inside the axial cell where they develop into infusoriform larvae which quickly develop the adult number of cells. Each species has a definite number of cells in its adult form. This infusoriform larvae then leaves the axial cell and the hosts body, with its urine. They then sink to the sea floor where they grow by means of cell enlargement rather than by cell addition. It is not currently know how these larvae re-enter their hosts and become nematogens.22
5107397758Platyhelminthes cestoidea structure-Scloex (head), then neck (immature proglottids), then strobila (mature and gravid proglottid) -Ploglottid - sections (not segments) that each have a full set of male and female reproductive organs -Gravid proglottid- full of fertilized eggs, fall off and are pooped out23
5107469074Polyzoic and MonozoicPolyzoic- many proglottids Monozoic- one proglottid24
5107472156StrobilizationCreating proglottids, made right in to the neck area under the scolex, pushing other proglittid in to the strobila25
5107480037ApolysisBottom proglottid falls off26
5107488506Scolex attatchments-Acetabula: cup shaped suckers, usually in groups of 4 -Bothridia: protrude from scolex and are sometimes mobile and leaf-shaped, also in groups of 4 -Bothria: shallow pits or grooves, groups of 227
5107508252(Phylum) Platyhelminthes (Class) cestoidea-Tapeworms -Always 2 hosts in life cycle -Adults in all groups of vertebrates -larvae in intermediate hots, can be vertebrate or invertebrate (usually crustaceans or insects)28
5107523015Hymenolepis diminutaPlatyhelminthes cestoidea (tapeworm) -Adult lives in small intestine of rat, and are a model tapeworm organism -Crowding effect: presence of other worms effect individual worm growth (1 worm= 10mg, but 2 worms= 5mg each) -Rat eats, 1% of energy goes to worm, which spends 63% on metabolic processes and 37% on production (80% reproduction and 20% growth), while rat absorbs 80%, spending 5% of that on production and 95% on metabolic processes29
5107569015PlatyhelminthesPhylum -Dorsaventrally flatened (better diffuse nutrients) -No circulatory system -Usually oval/leaf shaped -Bilateral symmetry with anterior end _Cephelization (has a head) -If there is a gut, it is two way (only one opening) -Usually Hermaphroditic30
5107596131P: Platyhelminthes C: Trematodea SC:Digenea-Endoparasites (superficial or somatic) -Minimum of two hosts in life cycle -2 suckers, oral at mouth and acetabulum/ventral sucker31
5107649622InfrapopulationAll individuals of a species that live within a host32
5107653387Ecological Perspective of ParasitologyHow the environment influences the parasite-host interaction (how they evolve together,food webs)33
5107662775Host SpecificityNarrow: only found in a few hosts Broad: can be found in many species34
5107669338Clinical Perspective of ParasitologyStudies the parasites that effect humans/domesticated animals for vet medicine "Tropical Medicine"35
5107673280IntensityHow many individuals of a parasite is in a host (mean= average # in each host)36
5107680884MutualismBoth symbionts benefit from the relationship (+ effect)37
5107688597Physiological Host SpecificitySome parasites are specific to an organ or tissue in a host38
5107694053Parasite Characteristics: GenomeHave larger genome than free-living counterparts Need a bunch of information on how to survive in the tons of micro habitats they encounter39
5107701588Clinical view of ParasitismYou are better off without parasites, so we must find ways to get rid of them40
5107714204Parasite Characteristics: Reproductive systemInvest a huge amount of energy in reproduction; very well developed reproductive structures, produce tons of offspring41
5107810074SuperpopulationAll of the parasites in a species that are in hosts and outside of hosts42
5107815167Sampling UnitEach host represents a habitat that can be sampled43
5107818727Ecologically SpecificCan only be acquired in certain environments44
5107822976Somatic EndoparasiteNo direct connection to the external environment45
5107840811To assess impact on host population, must know...-Who is infected -How many hosts are infected -How the parasites are distributed among hosts46
5107845122EctoparasiteLives on surface of host47
5107847372CompetitionTwo species compete (food, space, mate...)48
5107852324Political and Cultural Perspective of ParasitologyHow culture impacts infection49
5107854650CommensalismOccurs when one organism benefits from the host, and the host is neither helped nor harmed50
5107860172PhoresyTwo symbionts traveling together, typically one transports the other51
5107864341PrevalencePercentage of hosts that are infected52
5107867192MetapopulationThe population of a parasite species in the different hosts. Basically adding all the infrapopulations that are in an ecosystem53
5107871574PredationRelationship between predator (organism that attacks and kills multiple organims) and its prey54
5107877063EndoparasiteLives inside the host55
5107879707Superficial endoparasiteThere is a way out; direct connection to the external environment56
5107884017Mayan view on parasitismParasitism is a natural state of health57
5107887785SymbiosisAny intimate interaction between organism, where one lives with, in, or on the body of another (of a different species)58
5107895635Parasite Characteristics: Digestive SystemSimple digestive system, have constant access to food that is already broken down so don't need a specialized digestive system59

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