i'm pretty sure AP and H have the same words, since , ya know, they come from the same book
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| 172830772 | specialty goods | goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities | |
| 172830773 | cottage industries | an industry in which the production of foods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories | |
| 172830774 | Fordism | system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford | |
| 172830775 | Rust Belt | The manufacturing region in the US that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations | |
| 172830776 | backwash effect | the negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region | |
| 172830777 | conglomerate corporations | a firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions | |
| 172830778 | export processing zone | Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries | |
| 172830779 | outsourcing | sending industrial processes out for external production. the term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low. | |
| 172830780 | bulk gaining industries | Industries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts. Such industries tend to have production facilities close to their markets | |
| 172830781 | bulk reducing industries | Industries whose final products weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be located close to sources of raw material | |
| 172830782 | break bulk point | a location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets | |
| 172830783 | off shore financial centers | areas that have been specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance | |
| 172830784 | primary economic activities | are involved with the harvest or extraction of raw materials. Fishing, agriculture, ranching, and mining are all examples of primary economic activities | |
| 172830785 | secondary economic activities | are generally associated with the assembly of raw materials into goods for consumption. Heavy industries, manufacturing, and textile products are all examples of secondary economic activities | |
| 172830786 | tertiary economic activities | involve the exchange of goods produced in secondary activities. Retailing, restaurants, and any other basic service job occur in the tertiary sector of the economy | |
| 172830787 | quaternary economic activities | include research and development, teaching, tourism, and other endeavors having to do with generating or exchanging knowledge | |
| 172830788 | quinary economic activities | are generally considered a subset of quaternary activities and are those that involve high-level decision making and scientific research | |
| 172830789 | Rostow's stages of development | a model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most developed countries | |
| 172830790 | list of Rostow's five stages of development | first stage—country's economy is dominated by primary activities—productivity, technological innovation, and per capita incomes remain low second stage—preconditions for economic development arise, including the commercialization of agriculture and increased exploitation of raw materials third stage—foreign investment pours in, jumpstarting an economy that was already prepped for growth. large proportions of foreign investment goes to infrastructure improvements such as building roads and canals fourth stage—the country develops a broad manufacturing and commercial base. stage five—high per capita incomes and high levels of mass consumption | |
| 172830791 | Gross National Product (GNP) | The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year | |
| 172830792 | productivity | A measure of the goods and services produced within a particular country | |
| 172830793 | Purchasing Power Parity | A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries | |
| 172830794 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year | |
| 172830795 | Net National Product (NNP) | A measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity | |
| 172830796 | Human Development Index | Measure used by the United Nations that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare. The HDI evaluates human welfare based on three parameters: life expectancy, education, and income | |
| 172830797 | Gender Equity in Relationship to Development | Gender equity is a measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country. Development is the process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential. Gender equity is an important measure of human welfare that is not necessarily correlated with GNP | |
| 172830798 | Core Periphery Model | a model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region | |
| 172830799 | World Systems Theory | Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present | |
| 172830800 | the six geographic factors that determine the location of an industry's production facility | 1. the location a company chooses must provide easy access to the materials necessary for production. 2. the location must have an adequate supply of labor. For some industries, inexpensive, unskilled labor is best, but for others, such as information technology, an abundance of skilled labor is necessary. 3. Proximity to shipping and markets is also a key factor, especially for industries producing items that are either bulky or perishable. These items are either expensive to ship or, by their nature, time-sensitive. 4. The site should be chosen to minimize production costs. Firms can minimize production costs by locating in a place with cheap land and labor. Government policies can also have an important impact on production costs. States like Nevada have attracted many firms during the past couple decades by providing tax incentives for relocating their. 5. Natural factors, such as climate, may limit the geographical distribution of certain types of firms, such as agribusiness corporations. 6. The firm's history and its leaders' personal inclinations may also influence the final choice. | |
| 172830801 | Least Cost Theory | a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration | |
| 172830802 | extensive agriculture | is an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area | |
| 172830803 | intensive agriculture | any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield | |
| 172830804 | shifting cultivation | the use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost. plots are then abandoned, and farmers move on to new sites | |
| 172830805 | Swidden | Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and burn method | |
| 172830806 | Pastoralism | a type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter | |
| 172830807 | Green Revolution | The development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe. It worked | |
| 172830808 | von Thunen Model | An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, wit goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less | |
| 172830809 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | |
| 172830810 | Autonomous religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. | |
| 172830811 | Branch | A large and fundamental division within a religion | |
| 172830812 | Caste | the class or distinct hereditary order in which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law | |
| 172830813 | Cosmogony | A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe | |
| 172830814 | Denomination | A division of a brach that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body | |
| 172830815 | Diocese | The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church | |
| 172830816 | Ethnic religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated | |
| 172830817 | Fundamentalism | LIteral interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion or a religious branch, denomination, or sect | |
| 172830818 | Ghetto | During Middle ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhavted only be JEws; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure | |
| 172830819 | Hierarchical religion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places | |
| 172830820 | Missionary | An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion | |
| 172830821 | Pagan | A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times | |
| 172830822 | Pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes | |
| 172830823 | Polytheism | Belief in or worship of more than one god | |
| 172830824 | Sect | A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination | |
| 172830825 | Solstice | Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator | |
| 172830826 | Universalizing Religion | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location | |
| 172830827 | Custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. | |
| 172830828 | Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. | |
| 172830829 | Habit | A repetitive act performed by a particular individual. | |
| 172830830 | Popular Culture | Culture found in a large, heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite the differences in other personal characteristics. | |
| 172830831 | Taboo | A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs. | |
| 172830832 | Terroir | The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes. | |
| 172830833 | Balkanization | The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries | |
| 172830834 | Centrifugal Forces | Forces that tend to divide a country | |
| 172830835 | Centripetal Forces | Forces that tend to unite a country | |
| 172830836 | Compact State | A state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions | |
| 172830837 | Domino Theory | The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse | |
| 172830838 | East/West Divide | Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia | |
| 172830839 | Electoral College | A body of electors elected by a body of people | |
| 172830840 | Electoral Vote | The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views of that elector's name | |
| 172830841 | Elongated State | A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape | |
| 172830842 | Enclaves | Any small and relatively homogenous region surrounded by another larger and different region | |
| 172830843 | Exclave | A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state | |
| 172830844 | Federalism | A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government | |
| 172830845 | Fragmented State | A state that is not a contiguous whole but rather separated parts | |
| 172830846 | Frontier | An area where borders are shifting and weak and where people of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land | |
| 172830847 | Geometric Boundary | Political Boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines | |
| 172830848 | Geopolitics | The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur | |
| 172830849 | Gerrymandering | The designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate | |
| 172830850 | Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world | |
| 172830851 | Imperialism | The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign | |
| 172830852 | International Organization | An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination | |
| 172830853 | Landlocked State | A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes | |
| 172830854 | Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people | |
| 172830855 | Microstate | A state or territory that is small in both population and area. Teeny-tiny Teeny-tiny Teeny-tiny | |
| 172830856 | Nation | Tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes | |
| 172830857 | Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others | |
| 172830858 | Nation-State | A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity | |
| 172830859 | NAFTA | Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between Canada, the US and Mexico | |
| 172830860 | NATO | An international organization that has joined together for military purposes | |
| 172830861 | North/South Divide | The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan, and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America | |
| 172830862 | Perforated State | A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state | |
| 172830863 | Political Geography | The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes | |
| 172830864 | Popular Vote | The tally of each individual's votes within a given geographic area | |
| 172830865 | Prorupted State | A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory | |
| 172830866 | Self-Determination | The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously | |
| 172830867 | Sovereignty | Supreme or independent political power | |
| 172830868 | State | A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community | |
| 172830869 | Unitary State | A state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers | |
| 172830870 | Apartheid | Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas | |
| 172830871 | Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that people of color will soon move into the neighborhood | |
| 172830872 | Ethnic Cleansing | Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create and ethnically homogeneous region | |
| 172830873 | Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions | |
| 172830874 | Multi-Ethnic State | State that contains more than one ethnicity | |
| 172830875 | Multinational State | State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities | |
| 172830876 | Nationality | Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there | |
| 172830877 | Race | Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor | |
| 172830878 | Racism | Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race | |
| 172830879 | Racist | A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism | |
| 172830880 | Sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over the landowner a share of the crops | |
| 172830881 | Triangular Slave Trade | A practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe and trade goods from Europe to Africa | |
| 172830882 | Balance of Power | Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing boundaries or alliances of countries | |
| 172830883 | Boundary | Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory | |
| 172830884 | City-State | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland | |
| 172830885 | Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory | |
| 172830886 | Colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent | |
| 172830887 | Federal State | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government | |
| 172830888 | language | a system of communicationi through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning | |
| 172830889 | dialect | a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation | |
| 172830890 | language group | a collection of languages within a branch that shares a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary | |
| 172830891 | creole or creolized language | a language that results from the mixing of a conlonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated | |
| 172830892 | vulgar latin | a form of latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents | |
| 172830893 | isolated language | a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family | |
| 172830894 | lingua franca | a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages | |
| 172830895 | official language | the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publications of documents | |
| 172830896 | standard language | the form of a language used for official goverment business, education, and mass communications | |
| 172830897 | extinct language | a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used | |
| 172830898 | isogloss | a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate | |
| 172830899 | ideograms | the system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English | |
| 172830900 | pidgin language | a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of lingua franca, uesd for communications among speaker of two different languages | |
| 172830901 | british received pronunciation | the dialect of english associated with upperclass Britons living int eh London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom | |
| 172830902 | literary tradition | a language thta is written as well as spoken | |
| 172830903 | spanglish | combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans in the U.S. | |
| 172830904 | franglais | a term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of francais and anglais, the French words for "French" and "English," respectively. Borrowed English words. | |
| 172830905 | ebonics | dialect spoken by some African Americans that began in the rural south | |
| 172830906 | language family | a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history | |
| 172830907 | language branch | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family | |
| 172830908 | denglish | the diffusion of English words into German |
