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| 62862199 | evolution | descent with modification; idea that living species are descendants of ancestors that were different from present-day organisms; change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation | |
| 62862200 | biology | scientific study of life | |
| 62862201 | emergent properties | new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases | |
| 62862202 | reductionism | reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study | |
| 62862203 | systems biology | an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems; allows for predictions when one variable of a component changes | |
| 62862204 | eukaryotic | a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; organisms with these cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals | |
| 62862205 | prokaryotic | a type of cell lacking both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria and archaea | |
| 62862206 | DNA | double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine | |
| 62862207 | genome | entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits | |
| 62862208 | bioinformatics | the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods | |
| 62862209 | negative feedback | the most common form of regulation; accumulation of an end product slows its own processing | |
| 62862210 | positive feedback | process in which an end product speeds up its own production | |
| 62862211 | animalia, fungi, plantae, protista, monera | five kingdoms | |
| 62862212 | archaea, bacteria, eukarya | three domains | |
| 62862213 | Charles Darwin | person who believed in 1) descent with modification--captures unity and diversity, and 2) natural selection--causes evolution as the unequal reproductive successes of individuals adapts the population to its environment | |
| 62862214 | data | recorded observations; can be quantitative or qualitative | |
| 62862215 | inductive reasoning | a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations (specific >>> general) | |
| 62862216 | deductive reasoning | a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise (general >>> specific) | |
| 62862217 | controlled experiment | an experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the only difference between the groups is part of what is being tested | |
| 62862218 | model | a representation of a theory or process; may take form of a graph, diagram, 3D object, computer program, or mathematical equation | |
| 62862219 | adaptation | any structure, behavior, or internal process that helps an individual to better survive and/or reproduce | |
| 62862220 | altruism | the assistance given to one organism by another, even if the act of giving puts the survival of the assisting organism at risk | |
| 62862221 | Sir Richard Dawkins | the person who believed in altruism as the illustration of "the selfish gene" | |
| 62862222 | atoms, biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere | levels of biological organization (from simple to complex) | |
| 62862223 | energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, order, regulation, reproduction, response to environment | characteristics of life (7, in alphabetical order) | |
| 62862224 | order | a characteristic of life; highly detailed and organized structure | |
| 62862225 | regulation | a characteristic of life; maintenance of homeostasis | |
| 62862226 | energy processing | a characteristic of life; consuming matter, storing energy, using energy | |
| 62862227 | evolutionary adaptation | a characteristic of life; natural selection/descent with modification | |
| 62862228 | growth and development | a characteristic of life; genes control life patterns | |
| 62862229 | response to environment | a characteristic of life; an organism's interaction with its surroundings | |
| 62862230 | reproduction | a characteristic of life; the creation of new life from pre-existing life | |
| 62862231 | atom | the smallest unit of matter on Earth | |
| 62862232 | biomolecules | combinations of atoms; examples include lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ATP | |
| 62862233 | organelles | combinations of biomolecules; nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane | |
| 62862234 | cells | combinations of organelles; the first unit of life | |
| 62862235 | tissues | combinations of cells; types include nervous, muscular, fat, blood | |
| 62862236 | organs | combinations of more than one type of tissue | |
| 62862237 | organ systems | group of organs that work together | |
| 62862238 | organism | the simultaneous and interdependent functioning of various organ systems | |
| 62862239 | population | group of organisms of a single specie in a localized area | |
| 62862240 | community | all populations of all species in a localized area | |
| 62862241 | ecosystem | the community plus abiotic factors; also includes interactions between biotic and abiotic components | |
| 62862242 | biosphere | wherever on Earth that there is life | |
| 62862243 | abiotic factors | components that affect an ecosystem; examples include temperature, rainfall, sunlight, wind, and soil | |
| 62862244 | symbiosis | when two organisms live in close/tight relationships with each other | |
| 62862245 | parasitism | a type of symbiosis in which one organism acts as a parasite and the other as a host | |
| 62862246 | mutualism | a type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from the relationship | |
| 62862247 | commensualism | a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed | |
| 62862248 | cell theory | proponents include 1) all living things are made of cells; 2) cells are the basic unit of life; 3) cells only come from other cells; established by Schleiden and Schwann | |
| 62862249 | energy | the ability to do work; all life needs a constant supply of this | |
| 62862250 | sunlight, producers, consumers | pattern of energy flow | |
| 62862251 | autotrophs | organisms that create their own food | |
| 62862252 | heterotrophs | organisms that eat other organisms for energy | |
| 62862253 | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specie | traditional taxonomy | |
| 62862254 | animalia | characteristics of this kingdom: heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls | |
| 62862255 | fungi | characteristics of this kingdom: heterotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (chitin) | |
| 62862256 | plantae | characteristics of this kingdom: autotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (cellulose) | |
| 62862257 | protista | characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, eukaryotic, unicellular but with some multicellular, some have cell walls while some do not | |
| 62862258 | monera | characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls (peptidoglycam or murein) | |
| 62862259 | extreme thermophiles | type of archaea; can survive boiling water, thrive near geysers | |
| 62862260 | extreme halophiles | type of archaea; loves high salt concentrations | |
| 62862261 | methanogens | type of archaea; poisoned by oxygen, live in waterlogged soils, swamps, produce methane gas | |
| 62862262 | prokaryotic | 1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) no endoplasmic reticulum; 3) no membrane-bound organelles; 4) one circular chromosome; 5) bacteria; 6) about 10 times smaller; 7) no nucleus (DNA floats around) | |
| 62862263 | eukaryotic | 1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) contains endoplasmic reticulum; 3) all organelles are membrane-bound; 4) multiple, linear chromosomes; 5) everything besides bacteria; 6) about 10 times larger; 7) membrane-enclosed nucleus | |
| 62862264 | Agnostic behavior | A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates. | |
| 62862265 | Altruism | Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual. | |
| 62862266 | Associative Learning | The acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning. | |
| 62862267 | Behavior | Everything an animal does and how it does it, including muscular activities such as chasing prey, certain nonmuscular processes such as secreting a hormone that attracts a mate, and learning. | |
| 62862268 | Behavioral Ecology | The scientific study of animal behavior, including how it is controlled ad how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success. | |
| 62862269 | Classical Conditioning | A type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response. | |
| 62862270 | Coefficient of relatedness | The probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual. | |
| 62862271 | Cognition | The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information obtained by its sensory receptors. | |
| 62862272 | Cognitive Ethology | The scientific study of cognition; the study of the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior. | |
| 62862273 | Cognitive Map | the representation within the nervous system of spatial relations between objects in an animal's environment. | |
| 62862274 | Communication | Animal behavior involving transmission of, reception of, and response to signals. | |
| 62862275 | Culture | The ideas, customs, skills, rituals, and similar activities of a people or group that are passed along to succeeding generations. | |
| 62862276 | Ethology | The study of animal behavior in natural conditions. | |
| 62862277 | Fixed Action pattern (FAP) | A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated. | |
| 62862278 | Foraging | Behavior necessary to recognize, search for, capture, and consume food. | |
| 62862279 | Game theory | An approach the evaluation alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals; a way of thinking about behavioral evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influences by other behavioral phenotypes in the population. | |
| 62862280 | Habituation | A very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information. | |
| 62862281 | Hamilton's rule | The principle that for natural selection to favor an altruistic act, the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the coefficient of relatedness, must exceed the cost to the altruist. | |
| 62862282 | Imprinting | A type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period. | |
| 62862283 | Inclusive fitness | The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. | |
| 62862284 | Innate Behavior | Behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control. Innate behavior is exhibited in virtually the same form by all individuals in a population despite internal and external environmental differences during development and throughout their lifetimes. | |
| 62862285 | Kin Selection | A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals. | |
| 62862286 | Kinesis | A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. | |
| 62862287 | Landmark | A point of reference for orientation during navigation. | |
| 62862288 | Learning | A behavioral change resulting from experience | |
| 62862289 | Mate choice copying | Behavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others, apparently as a result of social learning. | |
| 62862290 | Monogamous | A type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female. | |
| 62862291 | Operant conditioning | A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one o its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning. | |
| 62862292 | Optimal foraging theory | The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits. | |
| 62862293 | Pheromone | In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior. | |
| 62862294 | Polyandry | A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males. | |
| 62862295 | Promiscuous | A type of relationship in which mating occurs with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationship. | |
| 62862296 | Proximate Question | In animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the environmental stimuli, if any, that trigger a particular behavioral act, as well as the genetic, physiological and anatomical mechanisms under lying it. | |
| 62862297 | Reciprocal Altruism | Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates. | |
| 62862298 | Sensitive Period | A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place. | |
| 62862299 | Sign Stimulus | An external sensory stimulus that triggers a FAP. | |
| 62862300 | Signal | A behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal. | |
| 62862301 | Social Learning | Modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals. | |
| 62862302 | Sociobiology | The study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory. | |
| 62862303 | Spatial Learning | Modification of behavior based on experience of the spatial structure of the environment. | |
| 62862304 | Taxis | Movement toward or away from a stimulus. | |
| 62862305 | Ultimate Question | In animal behavior, an inquire that focuses on the evolutionary significance of a behavioral act. |
