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| 6897083686 | Henry VIII | English king who ruled with absolute power. King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England, he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce | 0 | |
| 6896973706 | Hammurabi | completed a law code of 282 sections with an "eye for eye" approach | 1 | |
| 6896992435 | Aristotle | a rational, Greek philosopher who tried to accumulate knowledge in the world through observation and influenced medieval thought (student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great) | 2 | |
| 6896994061 | Alexander the Great | man who conquered all of Persia, overthrew the achaemenid dynasty and built a massive Greek empire; created Hellenistic culture | 3 | |
| 6896994836 | Julius Caesar | Roman general and dictator, Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assonated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power | 4 | |
| 6896995198 | Augustus | The first emporer of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace; battled Mark Anthony, and in the Battle of Actium won control of Rome in 31 B.C.E. and the Senate declared him "Augustus", meaning "revered one" | 5 | |
| 6896995691 | Justinian | failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; Byzantine emperor between 527 and 565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman Law; extended later Roman architecture (ex. Hagia Sopia) | 6 | |
| 6896996277 | Genghis Khan | elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world. Was shaministic, created a legal code and the Mongolian language to facilitate record keeping. 3 son problem at his death. | 7 | |
| 6896997332 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan | 8 | |
| 6896998448 | Mansa Musa | King of the Mali empire in West Africa from 1312 the 1337, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali, also brought the attention of Muslim world to Mali. Also constructed the Great Mosque of Jenne during his time. | 9 | |
| 6896997955 | Leonardo da Vinci | leading artist of the Italian Renaissance; known for his works "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa"; concerned with the laws of science and nature which greatly informed his work; influenced countless artists and made him a leading light of the Italian Renaissance | 10 | |
| 6897079068 | Martin Luther | German Monk and priest whose actions led to the Protestant Reformation; nailed a placard on the door of church with 95 statements or theses that criticized the church; opposed the sale of indulgences and other church practices; Bible was true authority | 11 | |
| 6897084966 | Zheng He | Chinese Muslim admiral who led seven voyages throughout the Indian Ocean; massive treasure fleet of China, 1405-1433; done to set up a tribute system to the Yongle emperor places traveled to include India, Sadia Arabia, East Africa, Philippines and areas in southeast Asia | 12 | |
| 6897260331 | Vasco Da Gama | commissioned by the Portuguese King to find a maritime route to the East; his success in doing so proved to be one of the more instrumental moments in history of navigation. Made two other voyages to India and was appointed as Portuguese Viceroy in India in 1524 | 13 | |
| 6897272468 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China. His voyage established the existence of the New World across the Atlantic. Failed at finding a new route to India, those who followed laid the primer for Spanish colonization of the Americas and for empires of other European nations, thus growing a new major trading network. | 14 | |
| 6897278539 | Ferdinand Magellan | While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe; Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. | 15 | |
| 6897280323 | James Cook | Led three expeditions to the Pacific which allowed for European geographers to draw a reasonable accurate map of the world. Led three expeditions to the Pacific. He charted eastern Australia and New Zealand, Pacific islands and Arctic waters as well as collecting ethnographic materials about the lands and peoples he encountered. | 16 | |
| 6897290958 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challenged Christian vessels throughout the Mediterranean. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean | 17 | |
| 6897308263 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. Mughal emperor in India who accommodated the Hindu religion and incorporated substantial numbers of Hindus into the elite of the empire. He supported the building of Hindu temples along with mosques, palaces, and forts. | 18 | |
| 6897308264 | Galileo | an astronomer and mathematician who invented an improved telescope. He was able to see sun spots on the moon and to observe the moons of Jupiter./His findings challenged the views of the day including that the heavenly bodies did not change. These ideas became the basis for the idea that the universe is much bigger than previously thought. Catholic church banned his books and threatened him with death. Developed the "Law of Falling Bodies" | 19 | |
| 6897316685 | Isaac Newton | Published his theories on gravity; wrote Principia and developed Calculus; made discoveries on colors and completed the astronomical ideas of Kepler and Galileo | 20 | |
| 6897322465 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. This idea directly challenged the idea of Divine Right of Kings in that the contract should come from human ingenuity rather than God. | 21 | |
| 6897328091 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | 22 | |
| 6897333824 | Czar Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 23 | |
| 6897339215 | Tokugawa Leyasu | Japanese warrior and founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan which ruled from 1600 until the Meiji restoration in 1868. A gifted leader and brilliant general, early in his career he unified Japan. In 1950 he received the area surrounding Edo in fief which he made the capital. | 24 | |
| 6897374348 | Mikhail Gorbachev | U.S.S.R. premier after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika (renewed some of the earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some of the old-line party bureaucrats) | 25 | |
| 6897375845 | Chiang Kai-Shek | A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II. ( he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong) | 26 | |
| 6897375372 | Nikita Krushchev | Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved. | 27 | |
| 6897395172 | Adam Smith | Economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations; argued people acted according to their self interests, but through competition promoted general economic advance; believed government should avoid regulation in favor of individual initiative and market forces | 28 | |
| 6897404341 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production ; preached the inevibility of social revolution and the creation of proletarian dictatorship | 29 | |
| 6897408059 | Otto Von Bismark | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability. Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 30 | |
| 6901076546 | Emporer Meiji | Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power.The Meiji Era began under this Empero | 31 | |
| 6901098493 | Vladimir lenin | Leader of the Bolshevik Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian revolution and the civil war that followed. | 32 | |
| 6901103585 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition; Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died in 1953 | 33 | |
| 6901109731 | Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786) | 34 | |
| 6901115455 | Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular; An army officer, he distinguished himself in the defense of Gallipoli in World War I and expelled a Greek expeditionary army from Anatolia in 1921-1922. He abolished the sultanate and replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Turkish Republic in 1923. | 35 | |
| 6901123862 | Winston Churchill | British prime minister during World War II; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults. | 36 | |
| 6901130935 | Harry truman | U.S. president after Franklin Roosevelt in the early years of the cold war. His foreign policy was to contain Communism through diplomacy and military strength. put the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan into affect, entered US into the Korean War, dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, "Fair Deal" | 37 | |
| 6901139907 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; first Indian Prime Minister; He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister | 38 | |
| 6901140814 | Mao Zedong | Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao Communist reaction against guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958 | 39 |
