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| 4999852162 | Bering Strait | Place where Siberian tribes crossed into present-day Alaska and the Americas approximately 20,000 years ago |  | 0 |
| 4999852163 | Three-sister farming | maize, squash, and beans | 1 | |
| 4999852166 | Cahokia | Large settlement in the Mississippi Valley; Site of sedentary agriculture cultivators |  | 2 |
| 4999852164 | Pueblo | Spanish for "village"; Indians in the Southwest who built fortified settlements |  | 3 |
| 4999852167 | Iroquois Confederacy | Five Indian tribes form an alliance and control trade east of the Great Lakes | 4 | |
| 7067604991 | Algonquian Indians | Major native group distributed in the Northeast and along the Atlantic seaboard who cultivated three sisters. Notably included the Powhatan Confederacy of the Chesapeake Bay and Wampanoag of New England, both of which clashed with English settlers). | 5 | |
| 4999865192 | Sioux Indians | Great Plains Indians; Hunter-gatherers; Buffalo hunters | 6 | |
| 7068102505 | Shoshone Indians | Societies in the Northwest and present-day California who supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean. | 7 | |
| 4999879308 | Catholic Church | The most powerful organization in history; Controlled mostly all of Europe during the Middle Ages | 8 | |
| 4999852168 | caravel | naval technology developed by the Purtuguese and used by Henry the Navigator along the African Coast, Vasco de Gama to India, and Christopher Columbus to the New World |  | 9 |
| 4999872674 | capitalism | Private property; Market prices; Investment in ventures | 10 | |
| 4999874495 | Renaissance | "Rebirth"; Humanism | 11 | |
| 4999875129 | Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther's demand that the Catholic Church reform. When the church refused, he started a competing church, the Protestant (Reformed) church. | 12 | |
| 4999868557 | Ferdinand and Isabella | "The Catholic Monarchs"; United Spain, reconquered Spain (Reconquista), and commissioned Columbus |  | 13 |
| 4999852169 | Reconquista | Ferdinand and Isabella's successful campaign to expel Muslim Moors (and Jews) from the Iberian Peninsula and unify Spain Under the Spanish crown and Catholic religion. |  | 14 |
| 4999852170 | Doctrine of Discovery (1493) | A.K.A. Inter caetera; Papal Bull that declared all non-Christian land "discoverable" by Christian powers. | 15 | |
| 4999852171 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | Divides America between Portugal and Spain for exploration |  | 16 |
| 4999881170 | Colombian Exchange | The trade of biological elements, ideas, and goods; Transformed mostly all of the world as a result. | 17 | |
| 4999884932 | Middle Passage | The route in the Triangular Trade where slaves passed from West Africa to the New World |  | 18 |
| 4999852172 | conquistadores | Hernan Cortez and Francisco Pizarro, for example; agents of both the Reconquista and the conquest of the New World |  | 19 |
| 4999852173 | Encomienda | Spanish labor system; included a caste system with Peninsulares at the top |  | 20 |
| 7068106336 | casta system | The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. | 21 | |
| 4999888930 | Mestizos | Mixed blood Spanish and Indian; Result of lack of Spanish ladies in the New World | 22 | |
| 4999890690 | San Diego (Est. 1769) | First and southernmost Spanish mission in California; Established to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers. | 23 | |
| 7068207280 | San Francisco (Est. 1776) | Last and northernmost Spanish mission in California; Established to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers. | 24 | |
| 7068211484 | Spanish mission | Established in the New World, especially in California, to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers. |  | 25 |
| 4999852174 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Indian apologist who preached against the cruel treatment of the Indians; His writings and activities led to the "Black Legend" |  | 26 |
| 4999852175 | Juan Gines de Sepulveda | Saw the Indians as uncivilized and barbaric | 27 | |
| 4999852177 | "Black Legend" | The (historically debatable) reputation that the Spanish destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease | 28 | |
| 4999852178 | St. Augustine (Est. 1565) | First enduring European settlement in North America; Established by the Spanish in modern-day Florida. | 29 | |
| 4999893568 | Pueblo Revolt (1680) | Rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spanish rule in New Mexico; Led by the Indian Popé. | 30 |
