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| 2173449232 | maroon communities | the communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States | 0 | |
| 2173462282 | Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore | 17th c., a Catholic English peer who was the first Proprietor and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland; founded Maryland as haven for Catholics | 1 | |
| 2173463069 | Act of Toleration | 1649, a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians in Maryland | 2 | |
| 2173495567 | Roger Williams | an English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state; in 1636, he began the colony of Providence Plantation (RI), which provided a refuge for religious minorities | 3 | |
| 2173503567 | Anne Hutchinson | 17th c., female Protestant dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities and was eventually banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony | 4 | |
| 2173511654 | Halfway Covenant | 1660s and on, in order to bolster the numbers of church members, some churches allowed people to become a partial member of the church even if they did not experience an emotional conversion | 5 | |
| 2173522222 | Quakers | Religious Society of Friends, believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service | 6 | |
| 2173525818 | William Penn | 17th c., Quaker and founder of the colony of Pennsylvania, which served as a haven for Quakers and other persecuted peoples | 7 | |
| 2173530517 | Charter of Liberties | 1701, Pennsylvania charter that guaranteed freedom of worship for all | 8 | |
| 2173545055 | John Smith | 17th c., a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) | 9 | |
| 2173549682 | Jamestown | 1607, settlement in the Colony of Virginia; the first permanent English settlement in the Americas; Europeans experienced a "Starving Time" as well as struggles with the local Indians, the Powhatans; tobacco allowed the colony to survive | 10 | |
| 2173561988 | Puritans | 16th and 17th c., English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough; wished to purify the Anglican Church of anything reminiscent of Catholicism | 11 | |
| 2173565356 | Separatists | 16th and 17th c., English Protestants who wished to separate completely from the Church of England rather than simply purify it | 12 | |
| 2173567476 | Pilgrims | 17th c., a name commonly applied to early Puritan and Separtist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts | 13 | |
| 2173576072 | Mayflower | 17th c., the ship that transported mostly English Puritans and Separatists, collectively known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth in England to the New World | 14 | |
| 2173581678 | Plymouth Colony | 1620, the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region; started by the Pilgrims | 15 | |
| 2173860700 | John Winthrop | 1630, a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony; led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence; his writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies | 16 | |
| 2173867533 | Thomas Hooker | 17th c., a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts | 17 | |
| 2173871561 | James Oglethorpe | 17th-18th c., a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia; as a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World | 18 | |
| 2173878387 | Wampanoags | the Native American tribe that lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, as well as within a territory that encompassed current day Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket | 19 | |
| 2173887520 | Metacom | 17th c., sachem (intertribal leader) of a confederation of indigenous peoples that included the Wampanoag and Narraganset; led one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history, known as King Philip's War (1675-78) | 20 | |
| 2173889298 | King Philip's War | 1675-78, an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies | 21 | |
| 2173896672 | Mayflower Compact | 1620, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower; was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States | 22 | |
| 2173902959 | Virginia House of Burgesses | 1619, the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America; the House was established by the Virginia Company | 23 | |
| 2173904130 | Sir William Berkeley | 17th c., a colonial governor of Virginia; enacted friendly policies toward the Native Americans that led to the revolt by some of the planters in 1676 which became known as Bacon's Rebellion | 24 | |
| 2173912451 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676, an unsuccessful armed rebellion by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley over the government's handling of hostilities between natives and western settlers | 25 | |
| 2173919279 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | 1639, the first written constitution in North America | 26 | |
| 2173925022 | Virginia Company | 1606, a joint stock company chartered by James I with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America | 27 | |
| 2173930507 | Navigation Acts | 1651, a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies; mercantilist acts designed to maximize profits for the Mother Country | 28 | |
| 2173941419 | Dominion of New England | 1686-1689, an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America; the dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights; under Governor Sir Edmund Andros, the Dominion tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone, and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England | 29 | |
| 2173944990 | Sir Edmund Andros | 1686-1689, an English colonial administrator in North America; the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence | 30 | |
| 2173951823 | Glorious Revolution | 1688, the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) and his wife, Mary | 31 | |
| 2173955459 | Indentured servants | 17th-18th c., a labor system whereby young people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years | 32 | |
| 2173956461 | headright system | 1618, originally created in Jamestown, Virginia; it was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage; with the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed; new settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land | 33 | |
| 2173966483 | triangular trade | 17th-18th c., a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, in this case Europe, Africa, and North America | 34 | |
| 2173970357 | Middle Passage | 17th-19th c., the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade | 35 | |
| 2174160875 | Benjamin West | 18th century, an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence | 36 | |
| 2174163385 | John Copley | 18th-early 19th c., an American painter, active in both colonial America and England; famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects | 37 | |
| 2174172127 | Benjamin Franklin | 18th c., one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and in many ways was "the First American"; a renowned polymath, he was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat | 38 | |
| 2174174931 | Poor Richard's Almanack | 1732-1758, a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose; it was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies | 39 | |
| 2174183243 | John Bartram | 18th c., an early American botanist, horticulturist and explorer | 40 | |
| 2174186273 | Great Awakening | 1730s-1740s, an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism | 41 | |
| 2174190690 | Jonathan Edwards | 18th c., a Reformed Protestant Christian preacher; played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first revivals in 1733-35 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts; delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" | 42 | |
| 2174195614 | George Whitefield | 18th c., an English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies | 43 | |
| 2174202955 | Cotton Mather | 17th c., a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer;known for his vigorous support for the Salem witch trials, he also left a scientific legacy due to his hybridization experiments and his promotion of inoculation for disease prevention | 44 | |
| 2174205924 | John Peter Zenger | 18th c., a German American printer, publisher, editor, and journalist in New York City; was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence; his lawyers, Andrew Hamilton and William Smith, Sr., successfully argued that truth is a defense against charges of libel | 45 | |
| 2174212666 | Enlightenment | late 17th-18th c., a European intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith | 46 | |
| 2174215879 | Molasses Act | 1733, imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies; Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies; the Act was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies | 47 | |
| 2174227712 | Wool Act | 1699, the Act prohibited American colonists from exporting wool, wool yarn, or wool cloth to markets outside the individual colony in which it was produced, and also restricted the import of woolens and linens created in other areas of the British Empire; in effect, it forced all wool and wool products produced by colonies and dependent areas of the United Kingdom to be sold to British markets, and then resold to British citizens in all areas of the empire; each sale generated taxes on these goods | 48 | |
| 2174231549 | praying towns | 1646-1675, developed by the Puritans of New England in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity; the Natives who moved into these towns were known as Praying Indians | 49 | |
| 2174235615 | John Locke | 17th c., an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers; his contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence, i.e. "life, liberty, and property" | 50 | |
| 2174240370 | republicanism | the ideology of governing a society or state as a republic, where the head of state is a representative of the people who hold popular sovereignty | 51 | |
| 2174246798 | Salem witch trials | 1692-1693, a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts; the trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, most of them women | 52 | |
| 2174262736 | Stono Rebellion | 1739, a slave rebellion in the colony of South Carolina; it was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 21 whites and 44 blacks killed; resulted in much harsher slave codes | 53 | |
| 2174268674 | salutary neglect | 17th-18th c., term that refers to an unofficial and long-term British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England | 54 | |
| 2330526507 | city on a hill | phrased used by John Winthrop to describe how the American colonists and colonies would serve as an example for Europe and the rest of the world | 55 | |
| 2330543720 | Phyllis Wheatley | 1753-1784, the first published African-American woman and first published African-American poet | 56 | |
| 2330548727 | proprietary colony | a type of British colony especially in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century used to reward allies, ex. Pennsylvania or Maryland | 57 | |
| 2330549413 | royal colony | a colony ruled or administered by officials appointed by and responsible to the reigning sovereign of the parent state, ex. New York | 58 | |
| 2330549414 | charter colony | a colony granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governeg, usually resulting in significantly more political liberty than other colonies | 59 | |
| 2330549415 | Thomas Hobbes | an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy; is 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy | 60 | |
| 2330550165 | Harvard College | founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world | 61 | |
| 2692963414 | Pueblo Revolt | 1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico; it succeeded for a short time before the Spanish reasserted their control | 62 | |
| 2692963744 | Chesapeake | included the colonies of Virginia and Maryland | 63 | |
| 2692964372 | Congregational Church | Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs | 64 | |
| 2692965936 | Jacob Leisler | a German-born American colonist, he helped create the Huguenot settlement of New Rochelle in 1688 and later served as the acting Lieutenant Governor of New York. Beginning in 1689, he led an insurrection in colonial New York, seizing control of the colony until he was captured and executed in New York City for treason by William and Mary | 65 | |
| 2692966910 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston; the population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders | 66 | |
| 2692968405 | Mercantilism | the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism | 67 | |
| 2692969401 | Middle Ground | area along western borders of English settlement where Europeans and Indians lived together and neither side was able to establish clear dominance | 68 | |
| 2692969585 | New Amsterdam | a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland territory | 69 | |
| 2692970046 | Pequot War | an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638; the Pequots lost the war | 70 | |
| 2692974268 | Powhatan | a Native American people in Virginia; it may also refer to the leader of those tribes | 71 | |
| 2692974269 | William Bradford | a signatory to the Mayflower Compact while aboard the Mayflower in 1620; he served as Plymouth Colony Governor five times covering about thirty years between 1621 and 1657; his journal, Of Plymouth Plantation, covered the period from 1620 to 1657 in Plymouth Colony | 72 | |
| 2692977707 | theocracy | a form of government in which clergy have sovereignty over a territory and official policy is either governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group | 73 | |
| 2692978648 | Enlightenment ideals | human autonomy, reason, progress, scientific inquiry | 74 | |
| 2692980396 | Gullah | the descendants of enslaved Africans who live in the Lowcountry region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia, which includes both the coastal plain and the Sea Islands | 75 | |
| 2692980397 | Huguenots | French Protestants | 76 | |
| 2692980932 | John and Charles Wesley | an Anglican divines and theologians who, with fellow cleric George Whitefield, are credited with the foundation of the evangelical movement known as Methodism | 77 | |
| 2692981724 | primogeniture | the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son | 78 | |
| 2692982476 | slave codes | sets of laws during the colonial period and/or in individual states after the American Revolution, which defined the status of slaves and the rights and responsibilities of slave owners | 79 |
