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| 7495022991 | Alexander the Great | ALEXANDER III OF MACEDON (356-323 B.C.E) conquerer of of the Persian empire and part of northwest India | 0 | |
| 7495191120 | Aristotle | A GREEK POLYMATH PHILOSOPHER (384-332 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 1 | |
| 7495208889 | Ashoka | THE MOST FAMOUS RULER OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | 2 | |
| 7495228998 | Aspasia | A FOREIGN WOMEN RESIDENT IN ATHENS (ca. 470-400 B.C.E) who was famed for her learning and wit. She was the partner of the statesman Pericles, who worked to extend the rights of Athenian citizens. | 3 | |
| 7495790054 | Athenian democracy | A RADICAL FORM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise, and office holders were chosen by lot. | 4 | |
| 7495820085 | Augustus | THE GREAT-NEPHEW AND ADOPTED SON OF JULIUS CAESER who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) | 5 | |
| 7495943929 | Axum | SECOND-WAVE ERA KINGDOM OF EAST AFRICA, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. | 6 | |
| 7495987631 | Bantu expansion | THE AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES AND IRONWORKING TECHNOLOGY OF BANTU-SPEAKING FARMERS gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered. | 7 | |
| 7496049076 | Ban Zhao | A MAJOR FEMALE CONFUCIAN AUTHOR OF HAN DYNASTY CHINA (45- 116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of thinking for w gave insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women. | 8 | |
| 7504234089 | Bhagavad Gita | A GREAT HINDU EPIC TEXT, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 9 | |
| 7504415782 | Cahokia | THE DOMINANT CENTER OF AN IMPORTANT MISSISSIPPI VALLEY MOUND-BUILDING CULTURE, located near present-day St. Louis, Mississippi; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E. | 10 | |
| 7509534609 | Caste as varna and jati | THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN INDIA that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which become the main cell of social life in India. | 11 | |
| 7509578039 | Chaco Phenomenon | In what is now New Mexico; the SOCIETY formed is notable for its settlement in LARGE PUEBLOS and for the building of HUNDREDS OF MILES OF ROADS (the purpose of which is not known) | 12 | |
| 7509600373 | Chavin | Andean town that was the CENTER OF A LARGE PERCIAN RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT from around 900 to 200 B.C.E. | 13 | |
| 7509623815 | China's scholargentry class | A term used to DESCRIBE MEMBER'S OF CHINA'S LANDOWNING FAMLIES, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 14 | |
| 7509644780 | Church of the East | A THEOLOGICALLY AND ORGANIZATIONALLY DISTINCT CHRISTIAN CHURCH based in Syria and Persia but with followers in southern India and Central Asia. | 15 | |
| 7509671528 | Confucianism | The CHINESE PHILOSOPHY advocating THE MORAL EXAMPLE OF SUPERIORS as the key element of social order. | 16 | |
| 7509696793 | Daoism | A CHINESE PHILOSOPHY/POPULAR RELIGION that advocates SIMPLICITY AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD OF NATURE, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 17 | |
| 7509718821 | Empress Wu | THE ONLY FEMALE "EMPEROR" IN CHINESE HISTORY (r. 690-705 C.E.), she patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. | 18 | |
| 7509750515 | Ge Hong | BORN INTO AN UPPER CLASS FAMILY IN CHINA DURING TROUBLED TIMES (283-343 C.E.), his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Daoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class. | 19 | |
| 7509781272 | Greco-Persian Wars | TWO MAJOR PERSIAN INVASIONS OF GREECE, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | 20 | |
| 7509881527 | Greek Rationalism | A SECULARING SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC AMD PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT that developed in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 21 | |
| 7509910000 | Han Dynasty | DYNASTY THAT RULED CHINA FROM 206 B.C.E. TO 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement. | 22 | |
| 7509935340 | Hellenistic Era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. IN WHICH GREEK CULTURE SPREAD WIDELY IN EURASIA AND NORTH AFRICA the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 23 | |
| 7509965386 | Helots | THE DEPENDENT, SEMI-ENSLAVED CLASS OF ANCIENT SPARTA whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 24 | |
| 7509983778 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 25 | |
| 7510002042 | Judaism | THE MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION DEVELOPED BY THE HEBREWS, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. | 26 | |
| 7510014239 | Kushan Empire | A SIZABLE AND PROSPEROUS EMPIRE IN THE REGION THAT NOW MAKES UP NORTHWESTERN INDIA, PAKISTAN, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. This empire was linked to the Silk Road trading network and featured a blending of Greek, Indian, and Buddhist cultures. | 27 | |
| 7510036336 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an ADHERENCE TO CLEAR LAWS WITH VIGOROUS PUNISHMENTS. | 28 | |
| 7510047923 | Mahayana | "GREAT VEHICLE", the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings. | 29 | |
| 7510062333 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 30 | |
| 7510076635 | Maya civilization | A major civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E. | 31 | |
| 7510083645 | Meroë | CITY IN SOUTHERN NUBIA that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 B.C.E. and 100 C.E | 32 | |
| 7510094173 | Moche | AN IMPORTANT REGIONAL CIVILIZATION IN PERU, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800. | 33 | |
| 7510104682 | Mound Builders | MEMBER OF ANY NUMBER OF CULTURES THAT DEVELOPED EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E. | 34 | |
| 7510123242 | Nalanda | A VILLAGE IN THE BIHAR REGION OF NORTHEASTERN INDIA where a huge monastic complex dedicated to Buddhist learning was built in the 5th century C.E. Many have viewed this building as the world's first university. | 35 | |
| 7510140947 | Niger Valley civilization | Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. that included major cities like JENNE-JENO; particularly noteworthy for its APPARENT LACK OF CENTRALIZED STATE STRUCTURES, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements | 36 | |
| 7510331534 | Pax Romana | The "ROMAN PEACE", a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | 37 | |
| 7510350239 | Pericles | A PROMINENT AND INFLUENTIAL STATESMAN OF ANCIENT ATHENS (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 38 | |
| 7510371124 | Perpetua | CHRISTIAN MARTYR (181-203 C. E.)from an upper class Roman family in Carthage. HER REFUSAL TO RENOUNCE HER FAITH made her an inspiration for other early Christians | 39 | |
| 7510414747 | Persian Empire | A MAJOR EMPIRE THAT EXPANDED FROM THE IRANIAN PLATEAU to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 40 | |
| 7510446816 | Piye | RULER OF KUSH (r. 752 to 721 B.C.E.) who conquered Egypt, reuniting it under his rule. | 41 | |
| 7510531890 | Plato | A DISCIPLE OF SOCRATES whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express his own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 42 | |
| 7510572732 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "FIRST EMPEROR FROM THE QIN" who forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 43 | |
| 7510596631 | "Ritual purity" in Indian social practice | THE IDEA THAT MEMBERS OF HIGHER CASTES MUST ADHERE TO STRICT REGULATIONS limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. | 44 | |
| 7510611395 | Saint Paul | The FIRST great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.) | 45 | |
| 7510633060 | Siddhartha Gautama | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) WHO FOUNDED BIDDHISM. | 46 | |
| 7510642652 | Socrates | The FIRST great Greek philosopher TO TURN RATIONALISM TOWARD QUESTIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE (469-399 B.C.E.) | 47 | |
| 7510669123 | Spartacus | A ROMAN GLADIATOR who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E. | 48 | |
| 7510692385 | Teotihuacán | THE LARGEST CITY OF PRE-COMUBIAN AMERICA, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico. | 49 | |
| 7510730639 | Theravada | "THE TEACHING OF THE ELDERS", the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. | 50 | |
| 7510760089 | The "three obediences" | In Chinese Confucian thought, THE NOTION THAT A WOMAN IS PERMANENTLY SUBORDINATE TO MALE CONTROL: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son. | 51 | |
| 7510818428 | Trung Trac | A VIETNAMESE WOMAN from an aristocratic military family who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt against China around 40 C.E. following the execution of her husband. | 52 | |
| 7510838177 | Upanishads | INDIAN MYSTICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 53 | |
| 7510858834 | Vedas | THE EARLIEST RELIGIOUS TEXTS OF INDIA, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 54 | |
| 7510877444 | Wang Mang | A HAN COURT OFFICAL who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. | 55 | |
| 7510890889 | Wari and Tiwanaku | TWO STATES THAT FLOURISHED BETWEEN 400 and 1000 C.E. in the highlands of modern Bolivia and Peru. At their height, they possessed urban capitals with populations in the tens of thousands and productive agricultural systems. | 56 | |
| 7510929993 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A MASSIVE CHINESE PEASANT UPRISING inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 57 | |
| 7510947323 | Zoroastrianism | PERSIAN MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION founded by the prophet ZARATHUSTRA. | 58 |
