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| 15201773163 | Sugar Act (1764) | The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported goods from the West Indies. | 0 | |
| 15201773164 | Stamp Act (1765) | Parliaments put a tax on all printed material. ex. newspapers, legal documents, playing cards. |  | 1 |
| 15201773165 | Stamp Act Congress (1765) | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. |  | 2 |
| 15201773166 | Quartering Act (1765) | Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | 3 | |
| 15201773167 | Boston Massacre (1770) | The first bloodshed of American resistance, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans. |  | 4 |
| 15201773168 | Tea Act (1773) | Granted the British East India Company Tea a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. A catalyst of the Boston Tea Party. | 5 | |
| 15201773169 | Boston Tea Party (1773) | A protest against British taxes in which Boston patriots disguised as Indians dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. |  | 6 |
| 15201773170 | Intolerable Acts (1774) | In response to Boston's resistence to British Customs; Declared (1) The port of Boston closed, (2) the suspension of town meetings, (3) British officials accused of crimes will stand trial in Britain rather than America, and (4) a new Quartering Act. |  | 7 |
| 15201773171 | Lexington and Concord (1775) | The first military engagements of the revolutionary war; Took place in two Massachusetts towns where weapons were stockpiled. |  | 8 |
| 15201773172 | Continental Congress | a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies which met from 1775 to 1781 | 9 | |
| 15201773173 | Enlightenment | A 18th century European intellectual movement that introduced the idea of republicanism (among other ideas); Influenced many of the founders, e.g. Franklin, Jefferson, and Madison, and had a major impact on the founding documents, e.g. Declaration of Independence, Constitution. | 10 | |
| 15201773174 | Benjamin Franklin | Postmaster of the colonies; Author of the Albany Plan; A significant Enlightenment figure and one of the most important scientists of the 18th century; Editor of the Declaration of Independence and ambassador to France during the Revolution. |  | 11 |
| 15201773175 | King Louis XIV | French king known as the Sun King. Reigned from 1643 to 1715. Offered support for development of American colonies driven by mercantile principles. |  | 12 |
| 15201773176 | Ohio Valley | Area claimed by French that had Indian tribes already living there. The English were expanding into it and the Iroquois wanted to trade there. Cause of tension. |  | 13 |
| 15201773177 | Canada | French colony with its capital at Quebec; Overturned to the British following the Seven Years War. | 14 | |
| 15201773178 | Louisiana | French colony with its capital at New Orleans; Overturned to the Spanish following the Seven Years War. |  | 15 |
| 15201773179 | New Orleans | Strategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi River | 16 | |
| 15201773180 | Huron Indians | Indigenous people of North America who had friendly relations with the French. Became allies with the French to defeat the Iroquois. | 17 | |
| 15201773181 | coureurs de bois and voyageurs | "runners of the woods"; French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian (Metis) heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. |  | 18 |
| 15201773182 | Jesuit missionaries | Catholic priests who attempted to convert Indians in French colonies | 19 | |
| 15201773183 | Metis people | Descendant of intermarriages between French and indigenous people |  | 20 |
| 15201773184 | beaver trade | The main commercial activity of the Dutch and French in the New World |  | 21 |
| 15201773185 | George Washington | As a land surveyor and wealthy Virginia planter he sparked the French and Indian war; As Commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War he helped the colonies win independence; As first President of the US he was the de facto head of the federalists. |  | 22 |
| 15201773186 | French and Indian War (1754-1763) | American theater of the Seven Years war; Began when territorial claims between the French and British in North America sparked violence; Sometimes called the first global war. | 23 | |
| 15201773187 | Albany Plan of Union (1754) | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. |  | 24 |
| 15201773188 | Battle of Quebec (1759) | Historic British victory over French forces. The surrender of the French marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America. |  | 25 |
| 15201773189 | loyalists | colonists who remained loyal to the British Empire in the years leading up to and during the Revolutionary War | 26 | |
| 15201773190 | Treaty of Paris (1763) | Ended French and Indian War; France lost Canada and all land east of the Mississippi to the British. |  | 27 |
| 15201773191 | Proclamation Line of 1763 | British limit for colonial American settlements; Nothing west of the Appalachian mountains allowed. |  | 28 |
| 15201773192 | Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) | An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief; They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. |  | 29 |
| 15201773193 | patriots | Colonists who rebelled against the British Empire, seeking reprieve for unfair British treatment of the colonies or independence from the British Empire | 30 | |
| 15201773194 | French Revolution (1789) | Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the middle and lower classes overthrew the king. Inspired by America's independence from England and Enlightenment ideas. One of the major issues of the Washington and Adams administrations, though Jefferson supported it until the "Reign of Terror". |  | 31 |
| 15201773195 | British Redcoats | Soldiers sent to America to fight with the Loyalists against the Patriots during the Revolutionary War. A professional fighting force, in contrast with the "minutemen" who composed the American militia. |  | 32 |
| 15201773196 | Hessians | German mercenary soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion; That the king would involve hired foreigners sparked outrage among the patriots, further alienating them from the British. | 33 | |
| 15201773197 | social effects of the Revolution | More emphasis on equality; Antislavery and emancipation movements; Greater importance for women in political culture. | 34 | |
| 15201773198 | civic virtue | Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. | 35 | |
| 15201773199 | Common Sense (1775) | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be independent. He claimed that monarchy was bad government, no island should rule a continent, and that economic self-interest of Britain was not in economic interest of the colonists. | 36 | |
| 15201773200 | Olive Branch Petition | petition adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress on July 5, 1775 to prevent an armed conflict between the Thirteen Congress and Great Britain; Ignored by the king. | 37 | |
| 15201773201 | Continental Congress | a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies which met from 1775 to 1781 | 38 | |
| 15201773202 | Continental Army | Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington to fight the Revolutionary War. |  | 39 |
| 15201773203 | republican motherhood | Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward civic virtue. | 40 | |
| 15201773204 | Thomas Paine | Author of Common Sense |  | 41 |
| 15201773205 | state constitutions | Rules for individual state governments. Replaced colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor. Property or tax requirements were usually prerequisites for voting. | 42 | |
| 15201773206 | Haitian Revolution (1791) | An anti-colonial slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture; Inspired by the American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas. |  | 43 |
| 15201773207 | Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778; 1/4 of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Baron von Steuben along with Marquis de Lafayette comes and train troops and turn the army into a professionally trained army. |  | 44 |
| 15201773208 | Declaration of Independence (1776) | Statement issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies were to secede from the British Empire |  | 45 |
| 15201773209 | Thomas Jefferson | Delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and author of the Declaration of Independence. Leading member of the Democrat-Republicans; Third US President (1801-1809) Democrat-Republican); Orchestrated what he called the "Revolution of 1800". |  | 46 |
| 15201773210 | Saratoga (1777) | A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British; A turning point of the war; Convinced France to openly support the colonies with military forces. | 47 | |
| 15201773211 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) | Authored by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly; A statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state; The forerunner of the first amendment (Constitution) protections for religious freedom. | 48 | |
| 15201773212 | executive power | The power to enforce and administer law; In the US exercised by the President. |  | 49 |
| 15201773213 | Articles of Confederation (1781) | First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes; Replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. | 50 | |
| 15201773214 | legislature | A group of people who have the power to make laws; E.g. US Congress, UK Parliament. | 51 | |
| 15201773215 | legislative power | the power to make laws; In the US exercised by Congress. |  | 52 |
| 15201773216 | judicial power | the power to interpret laws and judge whether a law has been broken; In the US exercised by the Supreme Court. |  | 53 |
| 15201773217 | Northwest Territory | lands northwest of the Appalachians, covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785 |  | 54 |
| 15201773218 | Yorktown (1781) | Final battle of the revolution, resulting in British surrender. |  | 55 |
| 15201773219 | Northwest Ordinances (1780s) | Enacted by Congress to admit new states as settlers moved westward after independence; Promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the new territory. |  | 56 |
| 15201773220 | new states admitted to the union by the Northwest Ordinance | Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin | 57 | |
| 15201773221 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | Ended the Revolutionary War; Recognized the independence of the American colonies and gave favorable terms to the Americans. |  | 58 |
| 15201773222 | Constitutional Convention (1787) | Delegates from the states participated, and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. |  | 59 |
| 15201773223 | John Adams | A Boston lawyer and patriot; Edited the Declaration of Independence; Ambassador to France and Britain; 2nd president of the United States (1787-1801, Federalist) |  | 60 |
| 15201773224 | U.S. Constitution (1787) | Replaced the Articles of Confederation and established a stronger national government. Established (1) federalism, (2) separation of powers, (3) checks and balances, (4) Bill of Rights. | 61 | |
| 15201773225 | Shays Rebellion (1786) | Led by farmers and revolutionary war veterans in western Massachusetts who protested perceived economic and civil rights injustices; Highlighted the need for a strong national government and a reform of the Articles of Confederation. |  | 62 |
| 15201773226 | Virginia Plan | AKA "Large state plan"; During ratification debate of the US Constitution, this proposal called for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress favoring larger states. | 63 | |
| 15201773227 | debate over ratifying the Constitution | Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principals were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government. | 64 | |
| 15201773228 | New Jersey Plan | AKA "Small state plan"; A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress. | 65 | |
| 15201773229 | slavery compromises | Concessions given to slave states during the Constitutional Convention: (1) Three-fifths compromise, (2) slave trade compromise, (3) fugitive slave clause. |  | 66 |
| 15201773230 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams (2nd president) and mother of John Quincy Adams (6th president); As First Lady, she set standards of republican motherhood; Implored her husband to "Remember the Ladies" as increased awareness of inequalities in society came to attention during and after the Revolution. |  | 67 |
| 15201773231 | Neutrality Proclamation (1793) | Issued by George Washington about the escalating conflict between England and France following the French Revolution; Enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | 68 | |
| 15201773232 | Federalists | Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties; Their principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). | 69 | |
| 15201773233 | federalism | A system in which power is shared between the national and state governments | 70 | |
| 15201773234 | Anti-Federalists | Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored strong state power to protect individual rights; A compromise was granted to them in the form of the Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and restricted the powers of the federal government. | 71 | |
| 15201773235 | Jay's Treaty (1794) | It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. | 72 | |
| 15201773236 | separation of powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law |  | 73 |
| 15201773237 | XYZ Affair (1798) | French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats | 74 | |
| 15201773238 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | 75 | |
| 15201773239 | checks and balances | Principle established in the Constitution in which each of the three branches of government is given certain powers to compete and override other branches in an attempt to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful. |  | 76 |
| 15201773240 | Bill of Rights (1791) | First ten amendments to the US Constitution; Enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government. | 77 | |
| 15201773241 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | 78 | |
| 15201773242 | ratification | the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid; E.g. U.S. Constitution. | 79 | |
| 15201773243 | Supreme Court Justices | 9 judges who serve lifetime appointments, nominated by the president, approved by the Senate | 80 | |
| 15201773244 | James Madison | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader and author of the Federalist Papers, fourth President of the United States (1809-1817, Democrat-Republican) |  | 81 |
| 15201773245 | Hamilton's financial plan | During Washington's administration; The government would take the debt of the nations and the states debt, make a national bank, and tax higher (which was the only one that did not pass thru congress) |  | 82 |
| 15201773246 | Alexander Hamilton | (1789-1795) Federalist leader and author of the Federalist Papers; As first Secretary of the Treasury under President Washington he advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. |  | 83 |
| 15201773247 | tariff | a tax on imported goods usually reserved for regulating trade with foreign countries or protecting domestic industries | 84 | |
| 15201773248 | national bank | Chartered 1791; Part of Hamilton's financial plan; Opposed by Democrat-Republicans. |  | 85 |
| 15201773249 | Washington administration (1789-1797) | Formation of the first parties; Hamilton's financial plan enacted; Whisky rebellion; Farewell Address. | | 86 |
| 15201773250 | Washington's Farewell Address (1796) | Encouraged national unity; cautioned against political factions; warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances | 87 | |
| 15201773251 | Adams administration (1797-1801) | Alien and Sedition Acts; Move of federal capital to Washington, D.C.; XYZ Affair; Quasi War with France (but avoided!); "midnight appointments" of federalist judges |  | 88 |
| 15201773252 | Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) | Laws passed by Federalists under Adams giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government; passed by Adams in response to Jeffersonian/Democratic-Republican criticism of his policies | 89 | |
| 15201773253 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) | Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition to the Alien and Sedition acts. Introduced the controversial theory of nullification wherein individual states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional. | 90 | |
| 15201773254 | states rights | the right of states to limit the power of the federal government | 91 | |
| 15201773255 | nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | 92 | |
| 15201773256 | Federalist Party | Called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France; Notable figures: Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton. | 93 | |
| 15201773257 | Democratic-Republican Party | Faction that advocated limited federal power in exchange for stronger states power; Opposed Hamilton's financial plan and National Bank; Opposed relations with Great Britain and advocated supporting revolutionary France. Notable figures: Jefferson, Madison. | 94 | |
| 15201773258 | first party system | Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. | 95 | |
| 15201773259 | Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; Washington puts down rebellion; Showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. |  | 96 |
| 15201773260 | Washington, D.C. | Established as the federal capital 1790. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia. |  | 97 |
