The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 12011945065 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 12011945066 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 12011945120 | Bahgdad | The capital of the Muslim world during the regions intellectual, economic, and political height | 2 | |
| 12011945067 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 3 | |
| 12011945121 | Umayyad | The first large islamic Caliphate. Its capital was in Damascus and it favored Arabs over Persians and other ethnic groups. | 4 | |
| 12011945122 | Arabian Nights | Collection of folk tales demonstrative of the Persian literary traditions of the Abbasid dynasty | 5 | |
| 12011945123 | Abbasid | Islamic empire that was more cosmopolitan, more accepting of non-Arabs, and ruled the region until overthrown by the Mongols. | 6 | |
| 12011945124 | lateen | A triangular shaped sail adopted by Muslim sailors that allowed ships better maneuverability in the open ocean | 7 | |
| 12011945125 | Astrolabe | a tool adapted by Muslim traders that used the stars to aid maritime navigation | 8 | |
| 12011945126 | caravan | Used camels with newly innovated saddles to carry large loads of merchandise across trade routes with incremental rest stops. | 9 | |
| 12011945068 | Muhammad | (570-632); religious leader who claimed to be the third prophet of the God of Abraham | 10 | |
| 12011945069 | Qur'an | the holy book of Islam | 11 | |
| 12011945070 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 12 | |
| 12011945071 | hajj | One of the five pillars of Islam that requires all Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca if they are able. | 13 | |
| 12011945072 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 14 | |
| 12011945073 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 15 | |
| 12011945074 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 16 | |
| 12011945075 | Jihad | Related to the Arabic word for struggle. Come believe it requires a physical conflict with those who challenge Islam | 17 | |
| 12011945076 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 18 | |
| 12011945077 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 19 | |
| 12011945078 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Were given freedom to worship under most Islamic empires but sometimes faced some extra burdens like increased taxes | 20 | |
| 12011945127 | Sikhism | South Asian Belief system that blends ideas from Hinduism and Islam | 21 | |
| 12011945128 | Anatolia | Modern day Turkey. Was the center of power for the Ottoman empire. | 22 | |
| 12011945079 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 23 | |
| 12011945080 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 24 | |
| 12011945129 | Sharia | Islmic holy law that draws its inspiration from Muslim holy texts | 25 | |
| 12011945081 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 26 | |
| 12011945082 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 27 | |
| 12011945083 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 28 | |
| 12011945084 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 29 | |
| 12011945085 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 30 | |
| 12011945086 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 31 | |
| 12011945087 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 32 | |
| 12011945088 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 33 | |
| 12011945089 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 34 | |
| 12011945090 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 35 | |
| 12011945091 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the basis for Modern Russia | 36 | |
| 12011945092 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 37 | |
| 12011945148 | Hagia Sophia | Russian emissaries saw this |  | 38 |
| 12011945130 | Constantinople | Capital of the Byzantine Empire, later known as Istanbul after the Turkish conquest. | 39 | |
| 12011945131 | caesarpopism | The type of theocracy of the Byzantine empire | 40 | |
| 12011945132 | schism | The split between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox church in the 11th century | 41 | |
| 12011945133 | Nika Revolt | The most serious revolt faced by Justinian. The capital city was razed by the rebels | 42 | |
| 12011945093 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 43 | |
| 12011945094 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 44 | |
| 12011945095 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 45 | |
| 12011945096 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 46 | |
| 12011945097 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 47 | |
| 12011945098 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 48 | |
| 12011945099 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 49 | |
| 12011945100 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 50 | |
| 12011945101 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 51 | |
| 12011945102 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 52 | |
| 12011945103 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 53 | |
| 12011945104 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 54 | |
| 12011945105 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 55 | |
| 12011945106 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 56 | |
| 12011945107 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 57 | |
| 12011945108 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 58 | |
| 12011945109 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 59 | |
| 12011945134 | Sui | restored order to China after the long warring period following the collapse of the Han Dynasty | 60 | |
| 12011945135 | Tributary system | The system whereby China saw itself as a "Middle Kingdom" which the rest of the region revolved around. It forced neighboring powers to give large gifts and kowtow to the emperor annually. | 61 | |
| 12011945136 | Chan Buddhism | A syncretic faith that created a form of Buddhism that focused more on meditation and spiritualism than on rigid doctrines or adherence to texts. | 62 | |
| 12011945137 | Neo-Confucianism | A synchretic faith that combines rational thought about social order with the metaphysics of Daoism and Buddhism | 63 | |
| 12011945138 | Du Fu | One of the most important poets of the Tang Dynasty | 64 | |
| 12011945139 | Xuanzang | Chinese monk who made a pilgrimage to India and popularized Mahayana Buddhism in China, in spite of resistance from the Tang emperors. | 65 | |
| 12011945140 | Jin | The empire created by peoples from central Asia which encompassed the Northern region of China during the Song dynasty | 66 | |
| 12011945141 | Shinto | a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945. | 67 | |
| 12011945142 | Tale of Genji | A Japanese novel written during the Heian period by a female author. It demonstrates the court life of the era. | 68 | |
| 12011945110 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 69 | |
| 12011945111 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 70 | |
| 12011945112 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 71 | |
| 12011945113 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 72 | |
| 12011945114 | Footbinding | practice imposed during the Song dynasty in China. It limited women's mobility and demonstrates decreased status for women. | 73 | |
| 12011945115 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 74 | |
| 12011945116 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 75 | |
| 12011945117 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states Japan's feudal era | 76 | |
| 12011945118 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 77 | |
| 12011945149 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 78 | |
| 12011945143 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 79 | |
| 12011945144 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 80 | |
| 12011945145 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 81 |
| 12011945146 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 82 | |
| 12011945147 | footbinding | began during Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 83 |
| 12011945150 | Byzantine empire |  | 84 | |
| 12011945151 | Empire of Charlemagne |  | 85 | |
| 12011945152 | Umayyad Caliphate |  | 86 | |
| 12011945153 | Muslim trade routes |  | 87 |
